dynamics of groups :: essays research papers

In the beginning, God made an individual - and then he made a pair. The pair formed a group, together they begat others and and then the group grew. Unfortunately, spurting in a group led to friction, the group disintegrated in conflict and Caian settled in the land of Nod - on that point has been solicitude with groups ever since. When people work in groups, there are two quite separate issues involved. The first is the task and the problems involved in getting the moving in done. Frequently this is the only issue which the group considers. The second is the turn of the group work itself the mechanisms by which the group acts as a unit and not as a loose rabble. However, without due attention to this process the value of the group can be diminished or even destroyed yet with a little explicit guidance of the process, it can enhance the worth of the group to be many times the sum of the worth of its individuals. It is this synergy which makes group work attractive in corporat e organization despite the possible problems (and time spent) in group formation. This article examines the group process and how it can best be utilized. The key is that the group should be viewed as an important resource whose maintenance must be managed just like any other resource and that this management should be undertaken by the group itself so that it forms a normal part of the groups activities. What is a Group? A group of people working in the uniform room, or even on a common project, does not necessarily invoke the group process. If the group is managed in a totally autocratic manner, there may be little opportunity for interaction relating to the work if there is factioning within the group, the process may never evolve. On the other hand, the group process may be utilized by normally distant individuals working on different projects for instance, at IEE colloquia. In simple terms, the group process leads to a spirit of cooperation, coordination and commonly understoo d procedures and mores. If this is present within a group of people, then their capital punishment will be enhanced by their mutual maintenance (both practical and moral). If you think this is a nebulous concept when applied to the world of industry, consider the opposite effect that a self-opinionated, cantankerous loud-mouth would have on your performance and then contrast that to working with a friendly, open, helpful associate.

Explain :: English Literature

ExplainExplain what is happening in each of the following songs and compareand tune the different ways in which they deal with the theme ofsorrow.The first verse Remember by Christina Rossetti is a late romantic,early Victorian sonnet, which is about person who has passed away.The chimney sweeper by William Blake, is written in 1740s and isabout a young tyke chimney sweep and his plight.Remember is written in the narrative voice so that it seems as ifthe person who passed away is speaking. The poem talks about how thedeceased person has gone to a calmer, more nonaggressive place and how youwill no longer be able to touch or feel them again. Gone far awayhand. The first part of the poem is dark and mournful but because itis a sonnet it allows for a more optimistic and comforting turn afterline eight. It tells people that there is a time for grief and a timeto move on but that they should not feel any guilt. Christina Rossettihas written the poem so that it flows and sounds rath er care a song.The mood of the poem is sombre and she repeats the word rememberthroughout the sonnet. This reminds the reader what the focus of thepoem is and gives it structure throughout it. It also emphasises themeaning of the poem. The poem deals with the theme of sorrow in theform of death. However it is not a dark poem and makes death not seemthat bad. She uses the sonnet form so that in line 9 there is a shift.This creates a break in the poem. Up to line 9 the poem is about griefand sorrowfulness but then it shifts and becomes more philosophical.Christina Rossetti uses euphemistic language such as darkness andcorruption to represent death. This creates depth and makes youthink about the poem. She also uses metaphors in her euphemisticlanguage such as silent-land, which represents Heaven. This poemwould be used at funerals because it is written in a way that suggeststhe deceased person is talking.The chimney sweeper is about a young boy who is sold as a chimneysweep. The poe m tells of his sad story. William Blake uses narrativevoice of a child so that it engages the reader. The rhyming in thepoem makes it sound like a child is talking. Blake is trying to showthe children as victims by showing how vulnerable and cockamamie theircries are. Cry weep, weep, weep He uses couplets and verses to

Blessing by Imtiaz Dharker Essay -- Blessing Imtiaz Dharker Poems Poet

Blessing by Imtiaz DharkerImtiaz Dharkers meter can be read in two ways. A straightforward development might suggest that the poem is simply a description of anincident when a pipe up bursts and people run excitedly for the water.A more considered reading, however, would put on the poem as being moreominous and disturbing.Under the apparent good fortune and excitement of the scene are darkerideas about the poverty and fanaticism of the people in the poetsnative country.It is the second reading we will be exploring in this revisionprogramme.Either way, the attitude to water in the poem should make us in theWest wonder at how much we all take for granted, and how too often wesquander the earths resources.Dharker paints for the reviewer a vivid scene using visual and auralimagery.For instance, after opening with a powerful visual image, the poetgoes on to make us prove the smallest noise echo/ in a tin mug,before upping the sound level with the roar of tongues as peopledescend on t he pipe.The gloss of the poem appears to be ironic.These people are not blessed - they have little water of their own.Only superstition could lead them to count this municipal pipe burstas a blessing.In reality, it shows the poor state of the pipes, part of the citysbasic infrastructure, pipes that should be carrying water to thepeople. The fact that the people populate in huts, that the children arenaked and that everyone is frantic for the water tell us a lotabout the living conditions.There is a lot of unspiritual imagery in this poem. Mainly we hear and seethe unfolding scene.These details show us what the peoples lives are like. In thefollowing table are some of the vis... ... darker, andharder hitting.The layers of the poem reflect the way different people will see thesame scene/culuture differently.AttitudeThe poet appears at first to be objective, describing but notcommenting on the incident. And to some extent she leaves the readerto decide the feeling and meaning of t he poem. Perhaps though there ishorror and pity in that opening image of skin cracking like a pod.To me the poem seems like a lament for the poverty of these people andfor the value brass that keeps them poor, yet humble and thankful.StyleDharker uses sensual imagery to evoke the scene, and builds the rhythmof the poem into a crescendo at the bursting of the pipe. She uses anextended metaphor, comparing water to a god. She makes linesintentionally ambiguous, uncertain, so that the scene can beinterpreted in more than one way.

Lysistrata and the Peloponesian War Essay -- essays papers

Lysistrata and the Peloponesian state of warMany comedies of this time period explore issues that were of importance to those people. Lysistrata is no different. It explores issues relevant to the time period in which it was written. Aristophanes uses the Peloponnesian War to illustrate the differences between the men and women of the time period. As Lysistrata begins, the women be gathering for their meeting with Lysistrata. They gripe and complain about how late the others are for the meeting, while Lysistrata begins to wind them in on her plan. Once all have arrived who will be arriving, she gives them the details of her plan to stop the war. That plan being that they with hold sexual favors from their husbands or lovers until the war is over. For the most part, only one other woman, Lampito, is in agreement with her. The others cannot fathom doing such a thing. After all, they cannot go without sexual pleasures, could they? Eventually, Lysistrata and Lampito convince the othe rs to go along with the plan. Finally, the women who did not give up and go home manage to seize the acropolis. The elders and magistrates try their best to smoke the women out, but to no avail. The women dump weewee on the men and stand their ground. Eventually the men of both sides had enough of being denied sexual pleasures and came together to sign the treaty. They were reluctant at first, but they gave bearing to the womens wishes and signed the treaty ending the war between Athens and Sparta.The references to the war in the text are actually quite blatant. The war is openly referred to during the course of the story. The women do what they do because they are sick of their men being gone at war. The women did not like the idea at first. They ... ...superior to the women, and that the women believe themselves to be subservient to men. The Peloponnesian War was important in Lysistrata in that it enabled Aristophanes to have a context within which to describe the attitudes and personalities of men and women of this time period. People are not always as they seem. The men of Athens and Sparta knew their women were bothers at home, but they found out that their actions at home were nothing compared to what could happen when a in all group got together and decided to finish something. Lysistrata shows us all the value of working together as a team to accomplish a goal. As it was put by Magill Book Reviews, LYSISTRATA is high comedy, as popular and timely today as it was when it was written. The humor is broad and bawdy. Like some(prenominal) good comedy, the play holds up to ridicule contemporary conditions and situations.

Neuropathology of AIDS :: Health Medicine Medical Diseases Essays

Neuropathology of AIDSSince its discovery in 1981, AIDS has mainly been characterized as a disease effecting the bodying immune system. It has been recognized, however, that there are distinct neurological pathologies associated with the disease. AIDS neuropathology can be characterized by the existence of subcortical dementia, motor difficulties, and affective disorders. Most AIDS patients experience dementia of one form or another. It has been observed that approximately 95% of AIDS patients promontorys show signs of damage, and 60% of patients develop dementia of one degree or another. The AIDS computer virus is an RNA retrovirus which attaches to and infects T helper cells and other cells of the immune system. The virus normally goes through a typical lytic life cycle which is seen in the pathology of close viruses. in the first place the human immunodeficiency virus virus was associated wilt the CD4 sensory receptor found on the immune cells, but it has been discovered that the OKT4 receptor is also a site of entry for the virus. This receptor is not only present in macrophages, but it is also found in glial cells of the CNS. There are basically three sites of entry where the HIV virus and infected macrophages can invade the CNS. The first is the blood brain barrier. If there is damage to the integrity of this barrier, the virus can easily pass into the brain tissue and proliferate. The second barrier is the blood CSF barrier. The choroid plexus males up this particular barrier, and the barrier is maintained by the existence of tight junctions. If there is a breakdown of these tight junctions, infected macrophages can pass from the blood into the CSF where they can pass to nearly any area of the CNS. The final site of entry, and perhaps the most likely are the cicumventricular organs. This is the only site in the CNS where there is an absence of a barrier, and the macrophages carrying the virus are free to pass through these. From here the virus can s pread almost anywhere in the CNS, but they intend to infect areas near their site of entry. The most common initial symptom seen in neurological disorders related to AIDS is subcortical dementia. The cardinal feature of subcortical dementia include slowing of mental processes, progressive impairment of memory, and deficits in manipulating or using spontaneously acquired information (i.e., poor problem solving). However, unlike the cortical dementias, higher-order associative function is preserved and intellectual impairment is milder in the subcortical dementias.

Indonesian Defense Strategy :: Indonesia Military Technology War Essays

Indonesian Defense StrategyA. BackgroundIndonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri signed a little-publicized deal at the end of April to purchase four Russia fighter jets and two helicopters as part of a much larger potential order. The decision to buy from Russia was a field of honor to a United States ban on array purchases this marks a small but significant shift from Indonesias current dependence on United States host hardware. The Indonesian military is suffering from acute lack of supplies and parts for its heavy amour as well for light equipment. The United States impose embargo on Indonesia since 1999 has rendered the countrys military equipment and apparatus partly redundant, leaving Indonesia, once a military might in the South east Asian region desperately behind its neighbors. The United States Congressional bans were starting signal put in place in 1991 after the infamous Santa Cruz massacre of pro-independence noncombatant supporters in East Timor. They were fur ther tightened in 1999, following the involvement of the Indonesian armed forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia) in the rampages by pro-Jakarta militia in East Timor.This is not the first time that Indonesia turns to Russia for military hardware supports, as it matter of fact, history has recorded the nip and tuck and fall of Russian armaments in Indonesia as an inseparable part of the rise and fall of bilateral relationship between the two. From late 1950s to early 1960s, Indonesia was mainly dependent on Soviets arms. At that time Indonesia was in campaign for the reclaim of West Papua, consequently, it needed a large number of weaponry. But United States were reluctant to sell all to Indonesia, because it did not make any sense if they sell weapons that would be used to fight against Dutch, their own ally. Soviet, on the other hand, was being kind to give arms support that would be compensable in long-term and low-interest rate debt. The military equipment received from Soviet, e specially for the navy, was so enormous that Indonesia became on of the sea power of Asia. But then, relationships between the two got infuriate in late 1960s, and Indonesia was having a hard time in maintaining its military power, particularly to keep up with the advance of military technology. Now, almost a half-century afterward, military friendship between Indonesia and Russia revived again. In time of need, Indonesia turns again to Russia. As it mater of fact, Indonesia is facing a hard time dealing with United States military embargo.

Process Strategy and Analysis For Toyota Motors Corporation Essay

IntroductionWhen organizations overtakek to break or transform their resources into goods and services, they are, in a way, developing their routine dodge in producing their node and product specifications at lower costs and less managerial constraints. As companies are targeting global markets at present, each organization take to decide on long-term war-ridden goals that are strategic in nature.In making these mental process finiss, managers need to focus on controlling competitive priorities like quality, flexibility, time, and cost to meet the global demand for their products. In having a look at Toyota labor Corporations process strategy, it will be helpful to realize wherefore their decisions for both service and manufacturing processes are successful. By determining the processes that comprise their operations, we will be able to assess if their value chains are managed cost-effectively and effectively.According to Krajewski et al. (2007), a process strategy specif ies the pattern of decisions made in managing processes so that they will achieve their competitive priorities. Also, a process strategy guides a variety of process decisions, and in turn is guided by operations strategy and the organizations ability to obtain the resources inevitable to support them. Thus, a process strategy consists of decisions that help define the value chain. Usu tout ensembley these decisions seek the improvement of processes and they are do most likely whenA gap exists between competitive priorities and competitive capabilities.A new or substantially modified service or product is cosmos offered.Quality moldiness be improved.Competitive priorities have changed.Demand for a service or product is changing.Current execution is inadequate.The cost or availability of inputs has changed.Competitors are gaining by using a new process.New technologies are available.Some iodine has a better idea.As a leading auto manufacturer in the world, Toyota Motor Corporation sells its vehicles in more(prenominal) than 170 countries and regions worldwide. Toyotas primary markets for its automobiles are Japan, North America, Europe and Asia. Employing nearly 300,000 people, its headquarters is located in Toyota City, Japan. Their products include rider cars, recreational and sport-utility vehicles minivans and trucks. Toyotas subsidiary, Daihatsu Motor Company, also produces and sells mini-vehicles and compact cars. While a nonher brand, Hino Motors produces and sells commercial vehicles. More alphaly, Toyota manufactures automotive separate, components and accessories for its own use and for sale. Toyota has 52 manufacturing facilities in 27 countries and regions (Toyota Website).Process Strategies in ToyotaOne of the most nonable processes that Toyota Motor Corporation had made famous is the Toyota Production System (TPS). At present, TPS is also known for a variety of terms like lean systems or sightly-in-time (JIT) manufacturing, lean work, stoc kless fruit and zero inventories. Cox and Blackstone (1998) defined lean systems as a philosophy of production that emphasizes the minimization of the amount of all the resources (including time) used in the various activities of the enterprise Lean systems thinking was initiated and developed as the TPS.It was Toyotas vice president Taiichi Ohno who pushed for the TPS scratch in 1937 when he disc overed that labor at Ameri dope manufacturers was nine times more productive than labor at Japanese manufacturers (Monden 1983, p. v). Since there was a pressure to improve after(prenominal) World War II because capital was restricted and production volumes were low, Ohno researched on some methods they can adopt in Toyota to check their production system work better. However, it was not until the 1973 oil crisis that most Japanese manufacturers became interested in TPS and it was not until the end of the 1970s that a significant offspring of U.S. manufacturers began to investigate T PS.The Toyota Production System became widely known in the joined States in 1983 when a book of that title was published. During the 1980s, the popular term in the United States for the TPS system was just-in-time manufacturing. At the beginning of the 1990s, the term lean systems became popular because of a series of books and articles by U.S. consultants and researchers in which they referred to TPS as lean systems, because they allow more and more to be done with less and less. Fact is that Ohno only borrowed important roots of lean systems from two distinct American institutions Henry Fords bus production system and the supermarket.Lean Systems That Sparked More Process StrategiesIn the book by Womack and Jones (1996), entitled Lean Thinking, they simplified Ohnos lean systems approach. As it is not just a set of techniques but a management philosophy, this content managers must(prenominal) have a different mental model or view of managing the manufacturing process. The five steps or principles to develop this mental model arePrecisely specify value for each specific product.Identify the value menstruation for each product.Make value flow without interruptions.Let the node pull value from the producer.Pursue perfection.During the 1980s, some U.S. companies have adopted lean systems successfully. But many a(prenominal) more failed or even refused to take action. Many managers are skeptical that TPS could not succeed in the United States or it provided no real benefits. However, the government issue of a book titled The Machine That Changed the World (Womack, Jones & Roos, 1990) ended the debate about whether lean systems created real, lasting benefits. The book presented the ends of a collar-year study of automobile manufacturing throughout the developed world.They found that in 1990 a Japanese plant in Japan took 16.8 hours to build an auto, while a U.S plant in the United States took 25.1 hours per car. non only did a Japanese plant produce car s alacritous, its cars had fewer defects per hundred vehicles, lower space requirements, and lower inventories than their competitors. Their findings also indicate that it is the management system and not the countrys culture that is obligated for the success of lean companies, since Japanese plants in the United States performed better than U.S. plants on all criteria.Aside from the TPS, Toyota pursued fit quality management or kaizen, a change strategy that involves a continuous incremental improvement of work subroutines. Using kaizen, production-line employees are made responsible for finding ways to improve work procedures to drive down costs and drive up quality. Individually, and in quality groups or circles, employees suggest ways to improve how a particular Toyota car model is made. Over time, from their thousands of suggestions, incremental innovations made to the car meeting place process result in major improvements to the final product. Employees incur cash bonuses and rewards for finding ways to improve work procedures, and the result has been a continuous increase in car quality and reduced manufacturing costs.In the 2000s, beneath the leadership of Toyotas new president, Jujio Cho, the company sought to increase the speed of change to further improve its efficiency and quality to gain an edge over its major competitors such as GM, Ford, and Daimler-Chrysler. It has begun a series of new kinds of change political programs, each headed at improving some aspect of its operations, which Toyota hopes will take up both incremental and radical changes to the way it operates.Some incremental change programs involve strengthening its kaizen program, such as pokayoke, or mistake-proofing. This initiative concentrates on the stages of the assembly process that have led to most previous quality problems employees are required to double- and triple-check a particular stage to discover defective parts or to fix improper assembly operations that lead to subsequent customer complaints.Another program is Construction of Cost Competitiveness for the 21st Century program or CCC21, which involves working with the companys providers to find ways to reduce the costs of Toyotas car components by 30 percentsomething that will result in billions of dollars in savings. Toyota has also introduced a new manufacturing process called GBL, which uses a sophisticated new assembly process to hold a car eubstance firmly in place during production.This allows welding and assembly operations to be performed more accurately, resulting in better-quality cars. GBL has also enabled Toyota to build factories that Toyota to build factories that can assemble some(prenominal) different kinds of models on the same production line with no loss in efficiency or quality. This is a major competitive advantage. The companys global network of plants can now quickly change the kinds of cars they are making depending on buyers demands for various models at diffe rent stagecoachs in time (Dawson, 21 February 2005).Other radical change efforts have focused on revamping Toyotas development and build process to keep up with changing customer ineluctably and demographics. In the 1990s, for example, the age of the average Toyota car buyer steadily rose. Despite Toyotas climbing global sales (which exceeded $203 billion in 2006), the company was criticized for flunk to understand how the market was changing. Some blamed the problem on centralized decision making at the company and a culture that had long been dominate by Toyotas cautious and frugal Japanese designers. Rather than designing innovative, flexible vehicles customers were change magnitudely demanding, Toyota continued to focus on cutting costs and increasing the quality of its vehicles.To quickly get an improved design process into gear, President Cho bolstered two new change techniques to radically alter the design process PDCA and obeya. Obeya is establish on frequent brainstor ming sessions among engineers, designers, production managers, and marketers designed to speed new model cars to the market. PDCA (plan, do, check, action) is a program designed to empower the companys designers outside of Japan to intervene in the car development process and champion designs that meet the needs of local customers.The results of promoting a flexible, decentralized car design process were the speedy introduction of the rugged eight-cylinder Tundra pickup truck and the angular, ScionxB compact in the United States, as well as the Yaris, Toyotas best-selling European car. The Yaris was designed in Europe, and its success there led to its subsequent introduction in Japan where it also sold well (Hill, 2004).ConclusionThroughout its existence, we could see that Toyota has managed their process strategies effectively as they root everything out from the TPS. Through the TPS, they continued to change and improve their processes to lessen production time, lessen the wastes and make production efficient to the benefit of both the company and its employees. Also, it is important to note that, despite all these changes, their customers remain at the core of their focus as Toyota seeks to meet all their demands.As for their management, the decisions are translated into actual process designs or redesigns. This matches the complementary philosophies for process design (1) process reengineering and (2) process improvement (Krajewski et al., 2007). In this regard, we could say that Toyota Motors Corporation has an excellent decision patterns to further improve their manufacturing processes in the future.The Process Analysis of the Toyota Motor CorporationIntroductionIn the book The Toyota Way, Liker (2003) claimed that Toyota has the fastest product development process in the world. In analyzing their manufacturing process, Liker found that new cars and trucks take only 12 months or less to design in Toyota, while competitors typically require two to three y ears.Also, Toyota has been benchmarked to be the best in its class by all of its peers and competitors throughout the world. This is because Toyota maintains broad(prenominal) quality, high productivity, faster manufacturing speed and flexibility in processing their products (p. 5). on the whole these successes are due to the TPS that Liket (2003) summarized into 4 Ps (Problem-Solving, People and Partners, Process and Philosophy (see strain 1).Figure 1. 4Ps That Comprise the Toyota Production Systems (Source Liker, 2003).Analyzing the TPSIn the process part of the TPS, we can see at its core is the goal of eliminating waste. For example, in the manual assembly operation of a truck chassis assembly line (see Figure 2). The street girl takes many individual steps, but generally only a small number of the steps add value to the product, as far as the customer is concerned. In this case, only the three steps identify add value.Although some of the non value-added steps are necessary (for example, the operator has to reach to get the power tool), the pose here is to minimize the time spent on non-value-added operations by positioning the tools and material as close as possible to the point of assembly. Toyota has identified seven major types of non-value-adding waste in business or manufacturing processesOverproduction. Producing items for which there are no orders, which generates such wastes as overstaffing and storage and transportation costs because of free inventory.Waiting (time on hand). Workers merely serving to watch an automated machine or having to stand around waiting for the next processing step, tool, supply, part, etc., or just plain having no work because of stockouts, lot processing delays, equipment downtime, and capacity bottlenecks.Unnecessary transport or conveyance. Carrying work in process (WIP) long distances, creating inefficient transport, or moving materials, parts, or finished goods into or out of storage or between processes.Overp rocessing or incorrect processing. Taking unneeded steps to process the parts. inefficiently processing due to poor tool and product design, causation unnecessary motion and producing defects. Waste is generated when providing higher-quality products than is necessary.Excess inventory. Excess raw material, WIP, or finished goods causing longer lead times, obsolescence, damaged goods, transportation and storage costs, and delay. Also, extra inventory hides problems such as production imbalances, late deliveries from suppliers, defects, equipment downtime, and long setup times.Unnecessary movement. some(prenominal) wasted motion employees have to perform during the course of their work, such as looking for, reaching for, or stacking parts, tools, etc. Also, walking is waste.Defects. Production of defective parts or correction. Repair or rework, scrap, replacement production, and inspection mean wasteful handling, time, and effort.Unused employee creativity. Losing time, ideas, skill s, improvements, and learning opportunities by not engaging or listening to your employees (Liker 2003, p. 28-29).Figure 2. Waste in a Truck Chassis Assembly Line (Source Liker, 2003).Figure 3. Timeline of Waste in a Value System (Source Liker, 2003).TPS A close Driven ProcessLike any system, the TPS is a goal-driven set of interrelated or linked activities. Managers who recognize that they are managing a system are conscious(predicate) of two main points (1) the system reacts to any solution and (2) the system controls the behavior of those individuals who operate within it. The first-class honours degree point means that there are a great deal unintended consequences when a solution to a problem in a system is introduced.To avoid unintended consequences, managers must fully understand the system. The second point means that managers must avoid attributing the problems in a system to the character of the individuals within the system. The manager must instead identify how the s tructure of the system is formative the choices of the individuals within the system. By understanding these two points, the manager can now redesign the system to increase the systems performance.The incorrect use of performance measures can prevent the successful introduction of lean systems. For example, a performance measurement system that encourages high equipment and high labor utilization often discourages production at the rate demanded by the customer. Indeed, these performance measures actually encourage large-batch production, thus creating the waste of overproduction and decreasing the systems ability to respond to the customer.Firms that hold lean systems often use a performance measure called overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). Soiichi Nakajima (1988) first formulated this performance measure to assess how effectively equipment is maintained and operated. Figure 4 shows six types of capacity losses in the right-hand column (breakdown losses, setup and adjustment losses, idling and minor stoppages, speed losses, quality defects, and start-up and buffer losses). These capacity losses are organized into three categories downtime losses, speed losses, and quality losses.Figure 4. Six Probable Causes For Equipment Losses (Source Masaji & Goto, 1992).Knowing performance measurements are an important part of any manufacturing system, thus TPS support the elimination of possible waste. The operations manager must select the performance measurements that will encourage behaviors that lead to the craved business performance. In TPS, the desired business performance is shorter flow time, reduced costs, and faster response to the customer.Another advantage of the TPS is its support towards employee empowerment as a means for continuous improvement. Toyota empowers its employees by training them to use the scientific method to continuously improve processes. The scientific method involves four elements theory, hypotheses, data, and verification.In the research of pecker and Bowen (1999) they indicated that the scientific method is integrated into the Toyota Production System so that every time a job is performed is an experiment. This creates a system where all the work processes are very specified and structured, but the system itself is very flexible and responsive. Toyota implements the scientific method as part of four unspoken practices that everyone in the organization must learn and practiceHighly Specified Work Toyotas first rule requires that managers, engineers, and line workers fully understand how a job is to be done and its relationship to other jobs. By ensuring that every job has a very clearly defined set of steps, it is obvious when the correct process is not being followed and it is also obvious when more training is needed or when the job definition needs to be changed. This allows quick identification and correction of any problems that occur. This first rule reduces variance in how work is done. By creati ng a highly specified sequence of steps to perform the job, Toyota is actually proposing a theory that this procedure is the best way to do the job. Given this theory, two implicit hypotheses in every standard job specification are first that each someone doing the activity is capable of perform it correctly and second that performing the activity as specified actually creates the expected outcome.Direct Connections Toyotas second rule states that there must be direct, unambiguous communication between each customer and supplier. Direct, unambiguous communication means that each customer and each supplier know the exact form and quantity of goods and services to be provided. The theory implicit in this second rule is that the supplier has the capacity to meet the customers needs as they are communicated. This theory leads to two hypotheses (1) the customers requests will be for goods and services in a specific mix and volume and (2) the supplier can respond to the customers reque sts. The production process generates data through the observation of the customer-supplier interactions.Simple Direct Pathways Toyotas third rule is that all passages must be simple and direct. This means that goods and services must flow to a specific person or machine. The underlying theory in this rule is that having simple and direct pathways will quickly reveal any source of variances in the flow of goods and services. This rule suggests two hypotheses (1) every supplier is necessary and (2) any supplier not connected to the pathway is not necessary. Each day of production provides data to analyze the hypotheses. Was there a supplier who was not connected to a pathway? Obviously any supplier or activity not connected to the flow pathway can be eliminated. This rule eliminates noise from the system and means that there are no pooled queues of completed work from suppliers waiting for the customers to use. Instead, completed work leaves one activity and goes to the next activi ty. If one supplier has a high variance in deliveries, their variance will not be hidden by the deliveries of the other suppliers.Scientific Method Toyotas fourth rule requires that employees be trained to formulate and test hypotheses about how they can improve their job activities. Toyota constantly encourages its workers to conduct experiments trying to identify a better method of performing their job activities.ConclusionIn analyzing the Toyota Production System, we can deem that the company seeks to benchmark their operations to become more efficient. This is the reason why that the TPS is highly regarded among all companies in the world because it focuses on setting quantitative goals for improvement. TPS seeks to make Toyotas manufacturing processes to be made simple and they are utilizing a scientific model that goes one step further it transforms their processes to be more dynamic. The Toyota management is also constantly gathering ideas for reengineering or improving a pr ocess become apparent after documenting the process.They are carefully examining the areas of substandard performance, efficient interaction between departments and finally making customers preferences a prime priority. The ultimate goal of TPS is to apply the ideal of one-piece flow to all Toyotas business operations, from product design to launch, order taking, and physical production by eliminating the unnecessary waste.Thus, the TPS is an all-encompassing philosophy that includes product design, process design, equipment and facilities design, supply chain coordination, job design, and productivity improvement. If there is one key to successful implementation of TPS, its adopting a holistic approach. This is probably the reason why Toyota remains to be one of the most admired companies in the world because they implemented a system that cut all the unnecessary costs and produced faster results without compromising the product expectations of their stakeholders.ReferencesCox, J.F . & Blackstone, J.H. Jr. (Eds). (1998). APICS Dictionary, 9th ed. Alexandria, VA APICS.Dawson, C. (2005, Feb 21). A China Price for Toyota. Business Week, 3921, 50-51.Hill C.W.L. (2004). Toyota, in C. W. L. Hill & G. R. Jones, Strategic Management An Integrated Approach, Boston Houghton Mifflin.Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. & Malhotra, M.K. (2007). operations Management Processes and Value Chains, 8th ed. NJ Prentice-Hall.Liker, J. (2003). Toyota Way. Blacklick, OH McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing.Monden, Y. (1983). Toyota Production System, Norcross, GA Industrial Engineering and Management Press.Nakajima, S. (1988). TPM Introduction to TPM, Total Productive Maintenance Cambridge MA Productivity Press.Spear S. & Bowen, H. K. (1999, Sept-Oct). Decoding the DNA of the Toyota Production System, Harvard Business Review, pp. 96106.Tajiri, M. & Gotoh, F. (1992). TPM Implementation A Japanese Approach, New York McGraw-Hill.Toyota Website. (2007). Retrieved November 10, 2007, from http //www.toyota.com/about/our_business/Womack, J.P. & Jones, D.T. (1996). Lean Thinking exile Waste and Create Wealth in Your Corporation, New York Simon and Shuster.Womack, J.P. Jones, D.T. & Roos, D. (1990). The Machine That Changed the World, New York Rawson Associates

How to Take Care Your Hair

TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLAGE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE & HUMANITIES CERTIFICATE IN push-down storage COMMUNICATION (PUBLIC RELATIONS) YEAR 2012/2013 AHCC1033 PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES FOR MASS COMMUNICATION COURSE WORK INDIVIDUAL PRESENTATION NAME LILY CHAN CHOY LI ID NO 12AHC07160 CLASS CPR TOPIC HOW TO TAKE CARE YOUR HAIR mark ALLOCATION TABLE Topic selected /20%(marks be based on the topics difficulties and abilities to generate interests and curiosities among the audience) DeliveryVoice ( /10%)Body language ( /10%)Eye contact & nervus facialis expression ( /10%) /30% Content of the speechIntroduction ( /5%)Body ( /5%)Conclusion ( /5%)Organization ( /5%) /20% Visual/ audio aids /15%Language /15% Total /100% Title How to take care to your hair. Name Lily Chan Choy Li General Purpose To share Specific Purpose To share 6 move to take care your hair Time 5 proceeding 1. INTRODUCTION A. Have you always wanted that long, thick, shiny volumized bouncy hair? B. Although there are no magic tricks to quickly make your hair grows faster, you can try the following steps to get thicker and fuller hair fast.C. Hair is a start of our image, having a healthy and tidy hair really will give others a good impression. D. I will take about 5 to7 minutes to share with you 6 steps to take care your hair. 2. BODY/ CONTENT * I would like to begin with, Step 1-Visit the hairdressers. If you have any split ends, dead ends on your hair that look brittle and dry, visit the hairdressers as soon as possible You have to cut your hair at least all(prenominal) six months. Your hair will not only look thicker but will look much healthier.Step 2- Use the suitable shampoo and conditioner. Go to your warm beauty store and ask for a volumizing shampoo and conditioner. You should use conditioner because it will keep your hair healthy and shiny also de-tangled. *I already cover the step 1 and step 2, lets move on to Step 3-Hair treatments. While youre buying your new shampoo, also ask for a fewer hair treatments to keep your hair shiny. A better choice is using natural ingredients like use egg yolk. Leave it in for 20-30 minutes and seize twice a week.It will make your hair thicker and shinier. Step 4- If you blow dry your hair, do it upside down. It will make your hair thicker than usually. Put blank out on conditioner before you blow dry your hair. It can protect your hair damage by the heat. *Ladies and gentlemen now I would like to continue with, Step 5-Relax and cat sleep about 7-8 hours in a day to make your hair grow faster. Factors like sleep deprivation and stress trend are often associated with the fuss of hair loss. Step 6-Exercise regularly to improve circulation and metabolism, which aids n faster and thicker hair growth. While swimming, wear a cap to avoid damage imputable to chlorinated water of the pool. 3. CONCLUSION Ladies and gentlemen, Ive come to the end of my talk. Let me sum up by saying that cut your hair at least either six months, cho ose a suitable shampoo and conditioner brands, , sleep and rest enough and get exercise, there are all the step to let you having a beautiful black hair. In conclusion, I hope you enjoy my presentation. Thanks for attention and spending precious time.

Structuration theory

Anthony Giddens was born on January 8, 1938. He is a British sociologist who is known for his theory of structuration and his holistic view of modern societies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent modern sociologists, the author of at least 34 books, published in at least 29 languages, release on average more than one book every year. In 2007, Giddens was listed as the fifth most-referenced author of books in the humanities.He has served as Director of the London school of Economics in 1997 until 2003. Structure is defined by Giddens as rules and resources, organized as properties of cordial systems. The theory of structuration is a sociable theory of the creation and reproductive memory of kind systems that is based in the analysis of both structure and agents without giving primacy to either. In other words, when we communicate with one another, we create structures that range from large favorable and cultural institutions to smaller individual relationships.As c ommunicators act strategically according to rules to achieve their goals, they do not realize that they are simultaneously creating forces that return to affect incoming ction. Structures like relational expectations, chemical meeting roles and norm, communication networks and societal institutions affect affectionate action. But these variables may also both affect and are affected by social action. These structures provide individual with rules that guide their actions, but their action in turn create new rules and reproduce old ones. Figure 1 Variables of the theory. 2.ORIGINS OF STRUCTURATION opening Sociologist Anthony Giddens adopted a post-empiricist frame for his theory, as he was concerned with the abstract characteristics of social relations. This leaves each evel more accessible to analysis via the ontologies which constitute the human social experience space and time and thus, in one sense, history. His aim was to build a broad social theory which viewed basic domai n of study of the social sciences neither the experience of the individual actor, not the existence of any form of societal totality, but social practices ordered across space and time.His focus on abstract ontology accompanied a general and purposeful neglect of epistemology or detailed research methodology. Giddens employ concepts from objectivist and subjectivist social theories, discarding bjectivisms focus on detached structures, which lacked gaze for humanist elements and subjectivisms exclusive attention to individual or group agency without consideration for socio-structural context. 3.DUALITY OF STRUCTURE Structuration theory may be capturen as an attempt to split up a fundamental division within the social sciences between those who consider social phenomena as determined by the influence of objective, exogenous social structures and others who see them as products of the action of human agents in the light of their subjective interpretation of the world. Giddens attem pts to square this circle by proposing that tructure and agency be viewed, not as free-lance and conflicting elements, but as a mutually interacting duality.Social structure is therefore seen as being drawn on by human agents in their actions, bandage the actions of humans in social contexts serve to produce, and reproduce, the social structure. Structure is thus not simply an exogenous restraining force, but is also a resource to be deployed by humans in their actions, it is enabling as well as disabling. More specifically, Giddens identifies three dimensions of structure, which are signification, domination and legitimation. The three dimensions of fundamental interaction are set forth as communication, power and sanctions.The means by which structures are translated into actions are called modalities, which are interpretive schemes, facilities and norms as shown in Figure 2. These modalities can explain why and how interaction is affected. Figure 2 Dimensions of the duality of structure, Giddens (1984) For example, as humans communicate, they use interpretive schemes to help them make sense of their interaction at the same time these interactions transmit or reproduce the same interpretive schemes that are embedded in structures as signification.The facility used to allocate resources is manifested in the wielding of power, which in turn produces and reproduces facilities influencing social structures of domination. Norms on the other hand, referred to also as moral codes provide both understandings and sanctions for human interactions, ultimately also producing legitimation within structures. 4. APPLICATION OF THE THEORY Donald Ellis (1999) shows how ethnicity is entailed in structuration. Ethnicity is a structural arrangement created over time as a result of many local practices throughout the world.Yet, once created, ethnicity has a life of its own, so that it ecome almost impossible not to see and act in accordance with ethnic experience in some way or another. Well intentioned bulk acting in their everyday live create unintended categories of social structure, which is limit what they can do in future interactions. these structures are not necessarily bad, but they can limit the ability to see a range of possibilities for acting in future situations 4. 2 Communication Decision making marshal Scott Poole (1985) and his colleagues have been working for several years on her structurational theory of group decision making.This theory teaches that group ecision making is a process in which group members attempt to achieve convergence or agreement on a final decision and in so doing structure their social system. By expressing their opinions and preferences, group member actually produce and reproduce certain rules by which convergence can be achieve or blocked. However, good decision making depends on three set of variables that are objectives task characteristics, group task characteristics and group structural characteristics .Figure 3 Variables of the theory in term of Group Decision Making. adjustive structuration Theory Desancns and Poole (2011) adapted Structuration Theory to study the interaction of groups and organizations with information technology, and called it Adaptive Structuration Theory (AST). Adaptive Structuration Theory is formulated as the business and reproduction of the social systems through members use of rules and resources in interaction. This theory criticizes the technocentric view of technology use and emphasizes the social aspects.Individual interaction with technology and in the incorporation personal experiences can dictate outcomes and structural change as well as eventually change the design or use of the technology. The theory could be used to analyze the coming of various innovations such as the printed press, electricity, telegraph, mass transpirations, radio, telephone, TV, the Internet, etc. , and show how the structures of these innovations penetrated the respec tive societies, influencing them, and how the social structures of those societies in turn influenced and modified innovations ongtnal intent. Social media networks were create to provide interpersonal connectivity to its users. Users began utilizing the technology to drive trends through the sharing of xperiences with good or bad regarding brands and products or rallying behind the Large organizations began tollowing these trends and implemented t cause. technology used for themselves. This alteration of the technologies use resulted in social networking site adjusting their design to also meet the need of organizations to connect with consumers. . CRITICISM John B. Thompson (said that Structuration theory needed to be more specific and more consistent both internally and with conventional social structure theory. Thompson focused on problematic aspects of Giddens concept of structure as rules nd resources, focusing on rules. He argued that Giddens concept of rule was too broad. Th ompson claimed that Giddens presupposed a criterion of importance in contending that rules are a generalizable enough implement to apply to every aspect of human action and interaction.Waldeck et al. concluded that the theory needs to better predict outcomes, rather than merely explaining them. Decision rules support decision-making, which produces a communication pattern that can be directly observable. Research has not yet examined the rational function of group communication and decision-making (i. . , how well it achieves goals), nor structural production or constraints. Rob Stones argued that many aspects of Giddens original theory had little place in its modern manifestation.Stones focused on clarifying its scope, reconfguring some concepts and inserting new ones, and fine-tune methodology and research orientations. Strong structuration are 1. Places its ontology more in situ than abstractly. 2. Introduces the quadripartite cycle, which details the elements in the duality of structure. These are External structures as conditions of action immanent structures within the agent Active agency, including a range of aspects involved when agents draw upon internal structures in producing practical action and Outcomes (as both structures and events). 3.Increases attention to epistemology and methodology. Ontology supports epistemology and methodology by prioritising The question-at-hand Appropriate forms of methodological bracketing Distinct methodological steps in research and The specific combinations of all the above in composite forms of research. 4. Discovers the meso- wreak aim of ontology between the abstract, philosophical level of ntology and the in-situ, ontic level. Strong structuration allows varied abstract ontological concepts in experiential conditions. 5. Focuses on the meso-level at the temporal and spatial scale. . Conceptualises independent causal forces and irresistible causal forces, which take into account how external structures , internal structures, and active agency affect agent choices (or lack of them). Irresistible forces are the connected concepts of a horizon of action with a set of actions-in-hand and a hierarchical ordering of purposes and concerns. An agent is affected by external influences. This aspect of strong structuration helps reconcile an agents dialectic of control and his/her more forced set of real choices. As a conclusion, in structuration theory, neither micro nor macro focused analysis alone are sufficient. The theory most importantly in the constitution of society, which examines phenomenology, hermeneutics, and social practices at the inseparable intersection of structures and agents. Its proponents have adopted and expanded this balanced position. Though the theory has received much criticismhttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software

Analyses of Love in a Fallen City and the Golden Cangue

For the bulk of the mid- to late-20th Century, Eileen Changs name and literary prowess fell into obscurity as a result of horizontalts related to the Cultural whirling and her accept reclusion. In C. T. Hsias A History of Modern Chinese Fiction, he praised Chang for her use of rich imagery and profound exploration of human nature. In his book, he also claimed Chang to be the best and most important writer of mid-twentieth ascorbic acid China. Hsias remarks and Ang Lees film adaptation of her novella, Lust, Caution, have helped to catch Changs name back onto the literary scene.Two of her most well-known and highly praised novellas are Love in a F eachen City and The specious Cangue. On the surface, the stories describe the details of family activities, hunch over relationships, and marriages that occupy mundane life in places like move and Hong Kong, but beneath the simple plot lines, the stories exist the dis stagees of strong-willed women within the family arena during a tumultuous time of change in China. Love in a Fallen City is a slam story between a divorcee, Bai Liusu, and a playboy businessman, Fan Liuyuan.As a divorcee, Liusu is strained to return to her fathers home where she is an unwelcome patch and an added economic burden. In a turn of events, the man, Fan Liuyuan, who was supposed to be her nieces suitor, chooses her over the niece, exacerbating her situation at home. With nothing to lose, she follows Fan to Hong Kong where their delight in blossoms amidst the beginnings of the Japanese occupation of the city. The Golden Cangue follows the story of Cao Qiqiao, a widow who lives in anguish as a powerless little girl-in-law in a wealthy family.She was forced into an arranged marriage with a sickly man and treated poorly by her husbands family. After the close of her husband, she gains independence and a teensy-weensy amount of wealth, but by and by historic period of torment, she turns her own repressed crossness towards her ch ildren. The two stories share similar sentiments in that they depict the different struggles of women in the family setting. For Liusu, her struggle was to gain the acceptance of her family and love and affection from Liuyuan. In Qiqiaos case, her struggle was her search for an escape from her tyrannous family life.Eileen Changs use dialogue supplys the strength of the women and her descriptions within the stories help to depict the inner turmoil each adult female faces. The story of Love in Fallen City starts in the household of the Bai family. News concerning the death of Bai Liusus ex-husband arrives from a family acquaintance. The news stirs up the issue of whether or not Liusu should return to her late ex-husbands home for mourning, as driven by traditional family values. The possibility that her family would send her back to her in-laws infuriates her but she still remains composed.While she is in the weaker position in terms of family hierarchy, she holds the power in di alogue because of her sharp tongue Liusu had now reached the height of fury, but she simply laughed. Yes, yes, everything is my fracture. Youre poor? Its because Ive eaten you break through of house and home. Youve lost your heavy(p)? It must be that Ive led you on. Your sons fit? Ive done it to you, Ive ruined your fate. (Chang, 114) While obviously upset, she remains composed. Rather than allow her emotions to show physically, she translates those emotions into lecture.Liusus sharp retorts are common throughout the book and they show the strength of her character. She does not allow herself to fetch the victim and she responds with dagger-like words that show her anger and disappointment. The position Liusu finds herself in is a result of her familys lack of concern for her general wellbeing and happiness. As one of the younger female members of the family, she holds no power. Everything in her life happened because her family dictated her fate. She never had a choice in whi ch direction she should take her life and she has become embittered because of her lack of independence.When she meets Fan Liuyuan, she takes her chances and follows him to Hong Kong. Her decision to leave Shanghai has two implications. Firstly, she wants an escape from her family. After years of following their rules and hearing their complaints about her presence, she finally has a chance to leave it all behind to find her own independence. Secondly, she is strangely attracted to Liuyuan and securing his love and attention is a conquest for her. After leaving Shanghai, Liusu stays in a hotel in Hong Kong and spends more and more time with Liuyuan. The two of them develop a relationship but their intentions are different.For Liusu, getting close to Liuyuan was a way for her to leave the Bai family. Liuyuan, on the opposite hand is seeking weird love. He professes his love for her on many occasions, but she rejects him each time. Her goal in being in a relationship with Liuyuan i s to have security and Liuyuans words hold no meaning to her, but instead are examples of his playboy behavior Liusu was silent for a while, but finally she burst out Why not go ahead and just say, flat out, that you dont want to marry me, and leave it at that Why beat approximately the bush, with all this talk of not being able to decide things?Even a conservative person like me substructure say, First marriage for the family, bet on marriage for oneself. If someone as free and unburdened as you are cant decide for himself, then who can decide for you? (Chang, 149) In her have words of Liuyuan, Liusu states her views of marriage which are defined by her real life experiences. Her first marriage was an arranged marriage that was to the benefit of her family, but for her second marriage she wants it to be for herself. She is seeking stability in her life and she does not think Liuyuan is apt to fill that void.As practically as she is attracted to him, she cannot see past his p layboy charm. Her defenses and words show how she is strong-willed and determined to make right what went wrong in her life. Throughout the novel, Fan Liuyuan expresses his love to Liusu. He claims she is a real Chinese adult female and continues on to say, Real Chinese women are the worlds most beautiful women. Theyre never out of fashion. (Chang, 135) Liuyuan loves Liusu and thinks of her as the ideal Chinese woman, stock-still he worries that she is part of the trap of Chinese culture that wants him only for a convenient marriage.Therefore, he tries to take her away from China to Hong Kong the colony he even considers taking her to Malaysia and Africa, to primitive lands. By attempting to remove her from her native home, he is essentially taking away her power over him. He wants to force her into the spiritual love that he wants, undermining her position as a strong woman. In the end, the marriage does go through, but only because the war forced the two of them together. The t wo flock both have selfish tendencies and neither could have been together in any other situation Hong Kongs efeat had brought Liusu victory. But in this unreasonable world, who can distinguish cause from effect? Who knows which is which? Did a great city fall so that she could be vindicated? Countless thousands of people dead, countless thousands of people suffering, after that an earthshaking revolution Liusu didnt feel there was anything subtle about her place in history. She stood up, smiling, and kicked the pan of mosquito-repellent incense under the table. Those legendary beauties who felled cities and kingdoms were probably all like that. (Chang, 167)Because of all that she had to go through, she likens herself to other strong women in history who brought down cities and kingdoms. She secured her place in the world by overcoming all the obstacles that were presented to her. She managed to leave her oppressive family and find a second husband who will accept her as she is. Ac hieving her goals at the end validates her as a strong Chinese woman. The Golden Cangue presents a different story about a woman and her struggles with her family. Similar to Liusu, Cao Qiqiao is stuck in an unhappy family situation.As a daughter from a poor family, she was married kill to the son of a wealthy family. In her husbands family, she suffers from ridicule and repression. As time progresses, she slowly loses her mind because of all that she has had to endure within the family. When she finally gains some independence, she completely loses all sanity and takes out her pent up anger on her daughter and daughter-in-law. Qiqiao, in many respects, is a strong woman. She had to put up with constant ridicule from her husbands family and she had no independence. Her resilience is characterized in her attitude and actions towards her family.As a daughter-in-law, she suffered at the hands of her husbands family, once she becomes a mother-in-law she perpetuates this cycle of tormen t and directs her bitterness towards her own children and daughter-in-law. In one instance, she believes her daughters feet need to be bound in recount to attract suitors As she looked at them her feet, something occurred to her and she said with a cynical laugh, You may say yes but how do I know if youre sensible or silly at heart? Youre this big already, and with a pair of big feet, where cant you go?Even if I could control you, I wouldnt have the energy to watch you all day long. Actually at thirteen its already too late for foot binding, it is my fault not to have seen to it earlier. Well start right now, theres still time. (Chang, 208) Qiqiao has reached a point where she lacks reasoning. All of her thoughts are convoluted and in her mind she has positive(p) herself that torturing her own children will be for their benefit. She is lost in her own misery because of the restraints fixed on her by her husbands family. She understands that her daughter has much more freedom tha n she did when she was younger.The actual decision to bind her daughters feet seemingly comes as a result of jealousy. Since she had to suffer, so should her children. What makes Qiqiao a strong woman is her lucid insanity. She calculates and plots every action to her own benefits and pleasure. She understands that money and power run the world, and she does what she can within her means to feel superior over others. So the aureate cangue is a symbol of power and money. She wears the golden cangue as a burden on her conscience and she used it to get whatever she needed For thirty years now she had worn a golden cangue.She had used its heavy edges to chop down several people those that did not die were half killed. She knew that her son and daughter hated her to the death, that the relatives on her husbands side hated her, and that her own kinsfolk also hated her. (Chang 243) The golden cangue tainted her moral being and she had become a much hated person. She was driven by power an d money but in the end, her actions and effort were all for naught. She loses power over her children and she is left to die in her misery. Both characters, Liusu and Qiqiao, were products of their respective environments.The difference in the two women comes in how they take hold of their future. For Liusu, she knew she wanted an escape from her family and she took the reins of her life and got what she want with Liuyuan. Qiqiao on the other hand, attempted to get control of her life, but instead she got caught in the madness of being an opium addict. One woman was able to break free from the social constraints placed on her while the other was not. Qiqiao perpetuates the vicious cycle of family tradition that damaged her in the first place.So while she is strong in the sense that she is work out and conniving, she fails to break the cycle that caused her misery and she is no better than other petty men. The two stories both capture the essence of Eileen Changs works. Through her writing, she was able establish voice to the thoughts of women. She shows a great range in her depiction of women, from the weak to strong, cruel matriarchs. The works give insight into the condition of women during the early 20th century but on a larger scale they also reveal the way in which women are affected by their family life.

Injuries in hockey Essay

In hockey you need both general fitness and specific fitness. You need good strength, stamina, drive on, agility, balance, co-ordination, fast reactions and umteen more. All these place financial aid e precise individual become better at their sport and restrain better health. These fitness needs rout out as well prevent umpteen injuries as you atomic number 18 less agile to your sport. Fitness levels potty in like manner be affected by many things such as illness, weight, alcohol and drugs, fast and psychological factors.You should always w offshoot up before somatogenetic workout and cool smooth afterwards. There be many factors that can cause fault exclusively also many ways to prevent them. Injuries are both immersenally caused and impertinently caused. Internal injuries are self caused where you everywhere use the muscularitys and external injuries are caused equipment, environmental conditions or opponents. Injuries can occur payable to the weather (envi ronment), being overweight cavictimization heart problems, breathing problems, joint and foot problems etc, physical ability, the wrong equipment and facilities.These can be prevented by setting realistic targets, pre participation screening, carrying out fitness programmes in pre season, using appropriate equipment, do non over train or train while hurt. Enforcing rules helps prevention of dangerous use of sticks and careless play of the ball. Also seek medical attention sooner alternatively than later and get adequate nutrition. Injured people should not be moved unless they them self say that it is ok. If more attention is paid to extrinsic and unalienable risk factors, injuries can be a lot less frequent.The same injuries can occur in many different sports in different situations but there can be more common injuries in to each one individual sport such as legs in football, shoulder or arm in javelin and hands or ankles in netball etc. Environmental injuries are things such as frostbite, hypothermia, exhaustion and heat stroke. Injuries can also occur due to physiological reasons making the individual become fatigue, sop up massiveness soreness and depletion of energy reserves. Before carrying out a session in the individual sport, a risk assessment should be preformed as there are others risk factors that should be identified such as slippery surfaces, equipment left out, food or drink that may be tipped in the educate area. You can outline whether or not the area is suitable for that sport or the compensate age group and if not, how the safety issues could be improved. You also have to take into consideration the age of the sportsperson as already mentioned.In hockey, it is important that the right equipment and footwear is worn to prevent injuries and to have a pre game warm up and stretching. Overall, a hockey team needs to wear gum shields to protect their babble and teeth from hockey balls and sticks, shin guards to protect their legs from sticks also, body protection such genital protectors, gloves to protect hand and knuckles from sticks, Astroturf trainers to get better grip when rail and a goalie needs a goalie kit which includes a hard hat, body protectors like abdominal protectors, knee pads, shoulder and elbow pads, dressing table pad, throat protector, padded shorts and thigh protectors, kickers etc to protect them from flying balls etc. All this equipment should be regularly checked including hockey sticks to ensure they do not put any other instrumentalist in danger while they are in use.Most injuries in hockey are principally down to being struck by a hockey stick or hockey balls. Injuries in hockey can be very serious and as it is played in over 132 countries, injuries are very common. Overuse injuries to the ankles and lower back are very common in hockey and can be treated mainly by rest. The face is normally injured by the stick or ball, the lower limb includes injuries to the ankles, knees and fee t, and upper body injuries such as hands and forearms. These injuries are pretty serious and the role player may need to be hospitalised.There are eight physiological effects of ageing which simply decrease your playing capability and metabolic rate etc. There would also a decrease in number and size of fibre muscles, a decline in the person cardiac output and muscles. In general, injuries have said to affect people of different ages, such as young children patriarchal between six and nine should not train at such a high level and it should be more fun and lots of variation. population aged ten to twelve should include a lot more technique and co-ordination exercises as this is the right age to improve mobility technique and reflexes. As each child gets older and closer to puberty, they then should be playing sport to suit their maturity and ability. From the age fifteen onwards is when children could begin anaerobic training and strength training as this is more often or not wh en the muscles and skeleton allow an increased load.Injuries in hockey can be very serious and as the sport is played in over 132 countries, injuries are also very common. Some common injuries apply to most sports such as shin splints, sprains, fractures, pulls etc. Hockey is known as a hard-hitting, collision sport. Players risk reproach from high-impact collisions with each other.The knee is frequently injured, with sprains to the medial collateral and capsular ligaments being evenhandedly common. Cruciate ligament tears are less common in hockey and seen more in turf sports, such as football. This is a hospitalised injury which may need ice and bandage to reduce swelling and rest after operation.The Acromioclavicular, or AC, joint separation (separated shoulder) is a common injury. This could be caused by various things such as a hard fall, swinging of stick or hard knock by opposing team. This is also a hospitalised injury which needs support and rest.This is also a common inj ury where the stick of another player may hit the hand or if the player is to have an awkward fall etc.All these injuries need support and in many cases bandaged up.Most injuries include fractures and torn tendons. It has been said that as many as one-third of injuries are caused by foul play. Many have observed a need for increased vigilance in this area, mainly in adolescence and high school. The enforcement of effective rules has lead to fewer injuries.Players have been said to demonstrate a high level of body dissatisfaction and an elevated drive for thinness. These have been associated with risk of osteoporosis which have been linked to an increased risk of stress fractures, especially in the lumbar region of the lower back. If injuries are left or unattended after so long, they can only get worse. If you look below, you can see a bone scan showing a low-intensity lesion abutting the expand area of the posterior cortex. A CT scan shows what appears to be an osteoid osteoma or Brodies abscess. This is what started off to be just a twisted ankle and not the right give-and-take.Injuries to the adductors are muscles that run from the inside thigh. These are active while running, twisting and side stepping activities. An injury can occur at any succession during these activities or a fall. Pain may begin and aching on the inner thigh. Bruising that appears may track down to the knee at times.The treatment of RICE is rest, ice, compression and elevation. This treatment should be applied immediately. This is reducing more damage by keeping off the injury, applying ice, to compress injury be using bandages etc to reduce swelling and elevate the injured, in order to get fund flowing away from injury to stop internal bleeding and bruising and to speed up recovery. This will assist the resolution of pain and minimise inflammation. Following the RICE solution, you should walk only when really needed.A calf strain is also well known in sport. The two main muscles make up the back of the lower leg (Calf). One is attached above the knee joint. This is the gastrocnemius and the other one below called the Soleus. These make one thick Achilles tendon that is attached to the back of the heel. Their main action is to raise the heel from the ground, but also assist to bend the knee. They act during walking, running and jumping. The calf can be injured by running and jumping in hockey or when you soak the muscle. Pain may start in the tendon attachment at the back of calf. The RICE treatment could also be applied to this. Players should allow seemly time for adequate rehabilitation of injuries, especially full recovery of ankle function, before returning to pre-injury levels of play.There are lots more common injuries in hockey such as Gilmores groin caused by running, coughing, kicking etc, hamstring strains, Osgood-Schlatters Disease, shin splints, cartilage injury, runners knee and many more. There are less serious injuries such as rubbing causi ng blisters, cramp, concussion, stitch, groin strain etc. These are mainly bandaged up and use of plasters helps and fundamentally rest is needed.shin splintSprain and strain of the joint and surrounded tissue are one of the most common sports related injuries (sprain involves the ligament and strain involves muscle or tendon). The typical inflammatory response may include swelling of the injured area, redness, skin discoloration, and reduced range of motion of the joint. R.I.C.E treatment, many athletes have institute acupuncture treatment to be very useful in suppress inflammation and swelling fast.Muscles injuries can be caused by muscle damage by influence trauma or indirect trauma. These injuries can be divided into ruptures and haematomas. Ruptures can be total or partial and subdivided into distraction and compression ruptures.Haematomas- inter and intramuscular . Major differences between the treatment and prognosis of the two types.Distraction ruptures are caused by over stretching or overloading.Compression rupture is direct impact which is the muscle pressed against underlining bone.Another solution which is often used to treat injuries is SALTAPS.This is known asStop- stop gameAsk- ask injured person what happenedLook- Look at injuryTouch- Feel for any differences e.g. uninjured knee and injured kneeActive movement- see what sort of range of movement they havePassive movement- move injured area with handStop and start again- rest and come back to sport when ready.Cold treatment with use of ice, decreases aesthesia of painful areas and relaxes muscle spasms. The cold slows nerve impulses to the muscle and decreases blood circulation which helps reduce inflammation. There is also the heat treatment. This treatment should not be started until at to the lowest degree 48 hours after the injury occurred. Same applies to massage. Heat therapy relaxes muscles, relieves pain and accelerates healing by increasing blood flow to a targeted area. Applicatio n of heat has many forms, from simply taking a hot shower to sophisticated methods such as ultrasound. Heat should not be used immediately after injury but after swelling has gone down.The RICE treatment should be applied to soft tissue injuries during the first 24-48 hours. Injury at its acute stage, the blood vessels expand and blood clotting procedure may be disrupted. Ointments, liniments and medicines are also used along with muscle training of isometric and static muscle work. There are many different methods of treatment that help injuries repair a lot quicker with the right amount of care. They are all fairly successful but have slightly different procedures applied and some work better than others depending on the server ness of the injury. SALTAPS is immediate treatment to an injury, where as RICE treatment could last up to a few weeks. In many cases, RICE treatment will continue through a players career therefore is a more common source of treatment and more well known.Re search indicates that nutritional factors, or the lack thereof, can play a significant role in healing and recovery. Three nutrients vitamin C, bioflavonoid and glucosamine sulphate appear to be particularly important. Vitamin C possesses anti- inflammatory properties and can help control the damage that often accompanies tissue injury. Vitamin C is required for collagen fibre synthesis, a process essential for tissue bone repair. Adequate amounts of vitamin C are therefore critical for the stimulation of that process.Each treatment has a different amount of effectiveness on injuries but one or all can often be used through the period of injury in most common sporting injuries. Further ways to reduce and prevent injuries are to apply certain bandaging before play, apply ointments, and reduce length of pitch for younger children. Hockey injury data at all levels should be collected to compare and improve participation. There should be more research and findings on sporting injuries t o ensure less likeliness of injury. Coaches should be taught principles of sport-specific conditioning and fitness as part of their training.Other ways to improve sports and prevent injuries is to ensure the right foot wear is worn, equipment is safe and appropriate and that the rules set are followed.

Group Theory

GROUP THEORY Theory is a set of related ideas that has the potential to describe, explain, and/or predict human experience in an orderly fashion. A theorist develops a structural map of commonalities that he or she expects to observe or has observed. A method, as defined in Websters Dictionary, is a procedure, technique, or way of doing something, especially in accordance with a definite plan.Group work up provides a context in which individuals help each otherwise it is a method of helping classifys as well as helping individuals and it can enable individuals and bases to deflect and change personal, group, organizational, and community problems. As discussed in class, there are four tiers of group theory and development. The stages include forming, storming, norming, and performing.Forming involves the knowledge and understanding of the feelings and emotions felt by group members in this stage is helpful, if non essential, to the effective structuring of a program to work to wards the desired outcome for the group. Storming is the stage when group members begin to confront each other as they begin to strive for roles within the group that will help them to belong and to feel valued. Aggression and resentment whitethorn manifest in this stage and thus if strong personalities emerge and leadership is unresponsive to group and individual needs, the situation may become destructive to the group s development.During the norming stage, groups begin to work more(prenominal) constructively to crapher towards formal identified or informal tasks. Roles begin to develop and be owed within the group, and although these may be accepted, some members may not be comfortable with the role or roles which the have been allocated. The final stage is performing. This stage sees the group performing effectively with defined roles. In fact, at this stage, it could be said that the group has transformed into a team.However, potential exists within this stage for oppression t o begin if one or more group members does not appear to fit in with the groups view of its task, or is not performing as effectively as expected. Groups are extremely key in the lives of all individuals. Many of our goals can be achieved only with the cooperation and coordination of others. The success of any group depends on the ability of its members to exchange ideas freely and to feel twisting in the life and decisions of the group. All groups have goals.It is important that short term and long term goals are set realistically if the group is to develop and conk effectively. These functions are achieved through the direction of leadership and the development of individual roles within each group. Icebreakers can be an effective way to start the first concussion of a group. They help people get to know each other and buy into the purpose of the event. If an icebreaker session is well-designed and well-facilitated, it can really help get things off to a great start.By getting to know each other, getting to know the facilitators and learning about the objectives of the event, people can become more engaged in the proceedings and so contribute more effectively towards a successful outcome. Other methods that I would encourage during first meetings of a group include the following promoting participation among individuals, informing individuals of the benefits of collaborative learning in group therapy and group work, and discussion of intended tasks, goals, and roles anticipated by the group members.

Marketing Plan of Toyota

1. Executive summary Toyota move crapper Australia (Toyota, Australia) which deals with a wide range of gondola subdivisions has constraind the Prius Car in the self-propelled intentness which is iodine of the crush hybrid synergy get hold of in today stock environment. And abide a competitive advant get on to other business by achieving and environmental friendly political machine and providing the best efficient render governance. The report begins with the introduction of the c bother where brief background information on the company and discussion of the foodstuff in which the Toyota Company operates is explained.A current Situation Analysis is conducted which gives a bettor understanding of Toyota, its various products, competitors and antithetic environments in which it operates. After considering the internal and external environment a debone Analysis is conducted which tells us the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the business environment . On the basis of these factors the critical issues be identified and marketing butts and strategies ready been defined. Towards the end a recommendation of change and implementation plan has been developed to improve the product.The report contains different graphs which show the current position of the company and the performance of the product in the current market. 2. Table of limit 1. Executive Summary2 2. Table of Contents3 3. Introduction4 4. Mission Statement5 5. Situation Analysis6 a. inherent Environment6 i. Products6 ii. Financial and non- monetary situation6 iii. Channels8 b. External Environment9 i. Markets9 ii. Competitive environment9 iii. Economic environment9 iv. demographic environment10 v. kindly and Cultural environment11 vi. Political and licit environment11 vii.Technological environment12 c. bring up analysis13 d. hypercritical issues14 6. Marketing Objectives15 7. Marketing Strategies16 a. grade Markets16 b. Product strategies16 c. set strategies17 d. Promotion Strategies17 e. Distribution Strategies17 8. Recommendation for Change18 9. Implementation Plan19 10. References20 I. Bibliography20 A. Appendices23 3. Introduction Toyota Motor Corporation Australia (Toyota Australia) is one of the Toyota Japans orbicular manufacturing centres which deal with manufacturing vehicles. It is the largest self-propelling companies of the world.It generates long term commitment to the different municipal and export markets. Toyota Australia head bump office and manufacturing activities ar base in Melbourne. While the barters and marketing operations are establish in Sydney. Toyota, Australia employees over 4500 slew and more than thousands are employed for its suppliers and retailing networks. Toyota Australia loc whollyy built cars like Camry and Aurion. And it imports a wide range of passenger, 4WD and commercial vehicles including Corolla, LandCruiser, Yaris, Tarago, Kluger, HiAce, RAV4, HiLux, Prado and the revolutionary hyb rid example Prius.In addition to this it also distributes and sells the luxury Lexus brand of vehicles. Toyota is Australias largest vehicle exporter and in 2008 exported 101,668 cars to over 20 countries worldwide. This voice slight export drive contributed over $1. 9 billion dollars (including parts and accessories) in revenue for Toyota Australia in 2008. Cited on Toyota Website at http//www. toyota. com. au/about/company Toyotas Australia parent company, Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is Japans largest automotive companies in the world.It was established in 1937, Toyota Group manufactures different kinds of automotives across 27 countries and regions throughout the world. And its vehicles are sold in more than 170 countries and region under different brand names like Toyota, Lexus, Daihatsu and Hino. Toyota Australia leads the automotive pains with respect to the environmental technologies with the success of the hybrid technology used in Prius. This report is going to sec ure a situation analysis for Toyota Australia. It result consider different elements like internal environment, external environment, SWOT analysis and critical issues.With the help of different marketing capabilities and reading process marketing plan valuation for Toyota Australia exit achieved. We will consider secondary research for Toyota, Australia for analysis. Different sources for the secondary research data which are used for this marketing plan are as follows Textbook, Internet data (company website and different web resources) and ledger articles. 4. Mission Statement Toyota Mission Statement reads as follows We deliver outstanding automotive products and services to our customers, and ameliorate our community, partners and environment.The vision is to be the most respected and admired company. The four core set of Toyota, Australia are * Customer first * Respect for people * International focus * Continuous improvement and change Cited on Toyota Website at Toyot a crossing Synergy begin Philosophy For Toyota, note is not just a portend its a way of life. Toyota believes in kaizen (continuous improvement). It has made a commitment to manufacturing, advanced technologies and social share that will enhance the pure tone of life. A bust way of motoring has been developed using the intercrossed Synergy drive technology.It gives confidence to over 2 million drivers worldwide. The car which one drives is designed and engineered with the highest standards of quality and reliability. Toyota is the worlds leading hybrid system in the automotive industry. (Toyota 2009) 5. Situation Analysis a. Internal Environment i. Products Toyota Prius is a vehicle which is changing the world. It combines luxury, technology and environment. Its a 1. 8 Petrol / galvanising Hybrid Synergy Drive. This car is the worlds most advanced hybrid system. Cited on Toyota Website at It provides uncompromised performance.Its key features are Smart Entry & Smart, 6040 split retractable rear seats, ecological plastic, LED headlamps, Three alternative driving modes, Superior hybrid synergy drive system, first beltless Toyota engine, shift by wire, Solar Ventilation System, Touch Tracer display, Head up display, Remote sort Conditioning System, Pre-collision safety system, Dynamic radar cruise control, emergency stop signal, Intelligent park assist, brake by wire, fomite stability control and traction control. Cited on Toyota Website at ii. Financial and non-financial situationThe global economic crisis in July 2008 had a major impact on automotive markets. Toyota, Australia experienced a quick deterioration in vehicle sales because of the downturn in the economy. This in turn consequenceed in abase profitability. Vehicle manufacturing and Sales During the year to 31st shew 2009, Toyota Australia manufacturing operations produced 130,228 Camry and Aurion vehicles for domestic and export markets. Due to a intemperate sales performance for th e first six months, the company was recognized in the Australian industry to achieve highest sales record during the year 2008.In this full stop the domestic retail sales reached 238,983-2,336 units frontward on the previous year, and the sales volume represented a market share of 23. 6 per cent. on that point was 19. 2 per cent decrease in Australian industry modernistic car sales from January to March 2009 as compared to the corresponding quarter in 2008. Toyota Australia (including Lexus) sold 16,498 fewer cars in the first three months of 2009 as compared to the same period in 2008, which represented a 26. 6 per cent decrease in sale volume. During January 2009, the company implemented a general scathe increase for some of its imported vehicles due to a weaker Australian dollar.Export Market Toyota Australia is the body politics largest vehicle exporter. In 2008/2009 the company exported 94,955 Camry and Aurion vehicles to 20 countries which were middle(a) eastbound, Ne w Zealand and Pacific Islands. This was down from 99,395 in 2007/ 2008, due to the decrease in look at from Middle East Markets following the start of the global financial crisis. However for the calendar year, Toyota Australia exports reached 101,668 which was an all time record for the Australian automotive industry. The export program earned $1. 9 billion in revenue over the same period.However for second half of the fiscal year, due to the global economic crisis impacted the entire business resulting in decline of sales in export and domestic markets. Global economic conditions will result in exports being lower in the 2009/2010 period. Despite the tough marketing conditions, the company continues to set peeled sales record. On a model basis, sales records were set for Corolla, Prius, Kluger, Yaris and HiLux. The 11,000th Prius Vehicle was sold in Australia during the period and globally, the one-millionth Prius was sold in April 2008.The decline was due to the impact of the g lobal economic downturn and changes to high life Car Tax implemented by the Federal governing in 2008 and increased competitor bodily process by companies like Honda. (Toyota 2009) iii. Channels Toyota automotives are available at different dealers over the world. It uses different consolidation web services to provide information of the different vehicles online. It also provides an option to book a ladder drive online on http//www. toyota. com. au/book-a-test-drive. Cited on Toyota Website at wiz trick also get eBrochure and printed brochures and all the information for the vehicle on the Toyota Australia website (www. toyota. com. au). The main headquarters are in Japan. b. External Environment i. Markets The demand for cars has increased in recent times so the important aspect for the company is to get an suspend market share in Australian market. The figure 1 is shown in Appendices which tells us the current market share of the company and Figure 2 shows that sales of th e new motor cars in recent years has increased.As there is a concern for providing greener environment across the world, there exists an opportunity for Toyota Australia to create better fuel economy and reduced dismissals car which caters to the need of environment. Toyota Prius is one such hybrid synergy drive system vehicle which provides best combined greenhouse and air pollution rating of any vehicle sold in Australia. Prius is officially our greenest car. As cited on Toyota Website at ii. Competitive environment Toyota Australia vehement competitors in every plane section are Ford, GM, Honda, Mercedes, BMW and Volksw timen. Car Sales. com Limited 2009) Toyota Prius main competitors within the market are Honda Civic Hybrid and Ford Fusion Hybrid car. Toyota Prius belongs to the lower/medium passenger car segment (C). Currently Toyota Prius provides maximum fuel efficiency as compared to other brands. It comes with a standard 1. 8L l4, 16 assesss engine. (ANDiDAS. com 2003 ) Comparison As cited on Yahoo Website at iii. Economic environment Australia is a stable, democratic country with a strong competitive economy. Australia has one of the most outstanding economies of the world with skilled workforce.There is a flexible labour market, an efficient government orbit and a very competitive business sector within the country. The Australian economy is one of the fast growing within the world. Australia investment in ICT as a percentage of plebeian Domestic Product is the third highest of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Australia is strong in Information and communication technology (ICT), innovation systems, business environment and human resource development. (Australian section of contradictory personal matters Trade 2009). GDP for Australia expanded to 0. 0% over the last 4 quarters. The Australia Gross Domestic Product is worth 1015 billion dollars or 1. 64% of the world economy, as mentioned by the humankind B ank. Australias economy is occupied by its services sector, yet its economic success is based on divide of agricultural and mineral resources. Australias relative advantage in the export of primary products is a indication of the essential wealth of the Australian continent and its small domestic market. The country is a major regional financial centre and a fundamental component of the global financial system.Figure 3 in Appendices shows the Australian GDP Growth Rate. (TradingEconomics 2009). Due to the increase in fuel prices, consumers will realise the value to the quality and services the car provides, rather than price. The Toyota Prius car with the hybrid system which provides fuel efficiency and reduce emissions will definitely run a long way as its environment friendly. iv. Demographic environment The estimated existence growth rate in 2009 for Australia was 1. 195%. The total population estimated was 21,262,641 out of which 18. 6% of the population was between the age g roup of 0-14 years , 67. % of the population was between the age group of 15-64 years and 13. 5% of the population was between the age group of 65 years and over. The target customers for Toyota Australia would fall into these two age groups ranging from 15 64 years and 65 years and over. The age structure is similar to that of New Zealand and the USA. (Kotler, 2007). These are the potential customers and Toyota necessitate to focus on them as they fall into the potential market for buying cars. In Australia 99% of manful and female population are literate. The statistic show that 78. % of people let loose English, 2. 5% of people speak Chinese, 1. 6% of people speak Italian, 1. 3% of people speak Greek, 1. 2% of people speak Arabic, 1% of people speak Vietnamese , 8. 2% of people speak other language and 5. 7% of people speak unspecified language ( As per 2006 Census). There are different ethnic group like White, Asian, ancient and others. Different religion like Catholic, Angl ican, Uniting Church, Presbyterian and Reformed, Eastern Orthodox, other Christian, Buddhist, Muslim and others exist. (Central intelligence information role 2009). v.Social and Cultural environment Australia has a multi cultural environment. It has different cultural group from all over the globe. Its several(a) culture reflects liberal democratic traditions and social and cultural influences of the millions of migrants who have settled in Australia since World war II. Australias original inhabitants, the Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders peoples, have been living in Australia for at least up to 40,000 years. The backup of Australias people are migrants or descendants of migrants who have arrived in Australia from about 200 countries.The define feature of todays Australia is the cultural diversity of its people, and the way they are united to each other. Australian has the right to express their culture and beliefs and to participate freely in national life. (Australian Department of outside(prenominal) Affairs Trade 2009). Toyota Australia require to define an international standard which caters to the different cultural group so they can target the potential buyers within the market. vi. Political and legal environment The governmental system in Australia consists of a federal parliamentary democracy. There are 6 states and 2 territories in Australia.The legal system is based on English common law accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations. There are no political pressures from the group leaders hence the company can start the business in Australia. (Central Intelligence Agency 2009). The only problem here was when the Luxury Car tax was implemented by the Federal Government in 2008, Toyota Australia experienced a decline in sales on their luxury car segment range. Also environmental and safety measures needs to be implemented within the car with respect to the legal requirement for Australian standards. (Toyota 2009). vii.Technolo gical environment In Australia the technological environment changes rapidly. Some of the technologies related to automotive industry are as follows Environmental Technology like hybrid synergy drive, Safety Technology, IT ground Approach, Fuel Cell Technology, Personal Mobility and Robot Technology which are used in the modern cars. much(prenominal) features increase the sales figures of the company. For Example In Toyota Prius the hybrid synergy drive which gives a better fuel efficiency and reduces emissions is one of the key features which gave the opportunity to increase the sales figure of the company.Toyota was the innovator for this hybrid synergy drive car and it appropriated the market using this technology. However these features also increased the price of manufacturing the car. So Toyota needs to keep up with the pace, as the technological environment keeps changing rapidly and the competitors might come up with a better enhanced version of this technology. (Toyota Japan 2009). c. SWOT analysis Toyota Prius Car, Australia SWOT analysis make within the Australian market Internal Environment Strength Weaknesses * Toyota Australia is the countrys largest vehicle exporter. Its original and Eco- environment friendly. * Continuous Improvement and Innovation * Just in Time approach to Production pioneered by Toyota. * Lexus, Corolla and other strong brands * Need to Understand the Australian Culture * Expensive Price * Costly to manufacture * New Technology can cause potential problems External Environment Opportunities Threats * Hybrid Synergy Drive Technology * Due to the recent economic crisis the petrol price has increased enhance it gives an opportunity for Toyota Prius to encrypt into the market as it works to maximize fuel efficiency. Due to the Australian government regulation in concern with the environment, Toyota Prius will be suitable for the market as it will reduces emissions and is environmental friendly. * Strong contender within the market. Example Honda, Ford, and General Motors * Petrol fuel Price Increase * Availability of Public Transports in Australia Example Train, tram, bus and cab. * Luxury Car Tax implemented by the federal govt in 2008. d. Critical issues The demand might decrease for Toyota Prius as it does not focus on some actors which are as follows * The cost structure of Toyota Prius needs to be rectified. The profits is reduced due to the cost structure. * Enhance the development of hybrid and compact vehicles which would be the key to the future growth. * Implement a more effective cost structure in the areas of production and sales operation. (vBulletin 2009) * The company needs to rectify the problems which are there in the current version of the car. Problems which relate to electrical, engine, interior accessories and fuel delivery system. (CarComplaints. om 2009) * Toyota needs to keep investing in the search and Development of Prius Car for new innovation. As it already possesse s expertise in producing hybrid cars. So it is essential for Toyota Prius to keep investing in the Research and Development of the car engine to increase the fuel efficiency and provide a competitive advantage in the market. * Expand the scope of the emergency value analysis to achieve cost reduction and reduce fixed cost by 10%. (vBulletin 2009) These are some of the critical factors which if not considered might cause problem in towards competitive business environment.Which in turn will affect the sales of the Toyota Prius Car. 6. Marketing Objectives * Increase the sales for the coming year and be restored the loss which occurred during the economic crisis. * To increase the market share of the company. * To attract new buyers for the car and retain the allegiant old customers. * To maintain the brand and standard within the market. 7. Marketing Strategies a. Target Markets The Toyota Prius has targeted this car at all levels of consumers. However the drivers ranging in an age group of 40 to 80 year old drive this car as they are environment conscious.Toyota targeted the car which was affordable from middle to lower income groups. It fuel efficiency and less emission is very attractive to this kind of age group. (Sheila Wilson 2005). Toyota is also designed to be used by people who are working in the in the city , because it features include switching of the engine whenever the Prius is halt at a red light and give an extraordinarily good fuel consumption and slight usable performance. Therefore Toyota Prius segments the market only by combining two demographic values which is income and age group and hence it targets these two segments of the market. WebPublication Pty Limited 2008). The campaign of Toyota Prius says harmoniousness between Man, Nature and Machine, which authority the car, has been absolutely designed for the use of the environment and everyday life. This car belongs to the lower/medium passenger car segment (C). Hence the competition is against the entire (C) car segment. So the company needs to be innovative in a manner. (High Gear Media 2009). b. Product strategies The Toyota Prius has re-engineered the car and rig the third genesis version.The market in Australia is huge and profitable so Toyota needs to launch the re-engineering project quickly and create new innovation to be a competitive leader within the consumer market. However on the company website it say it plans to launch an urban commuter onslaught electric vehicle by 2012. To improve the environment the new generation Prius has a 1. 8- litre four cylinder petrol engine which replaces the 1. 5- litre engine previous model. It has technology such as the solar ventilation system and remote air-conditioning system. It has features such as pre-collision safety system and intelligent parking assist.It the greenest car ever sold in Australia, thus it provides the lowest pollution emission and low fuel consumption. So Toyota Company can satisfy the cus tomers and earn profit from the Australian Market. (Toyota 2009). c. Pricing strategies In view of target consumers, Toyota Company uses excellent technologies for the Prius cars. It is cogent to maintain the original price-positioning strategy. Most of the buyers turn int bother about the price. Toyota Prius car uses the Price Skimming Strategy. In this strategy the company will set a relatively high price in the beginning and then reduce the price over time.As they are able to get consumers at every price point. Toyota Prius car is based on the innovation of hybrid synergy drive hence this innovation helps the company to use this price strategy. Competing with price will not support effective development. However, for the company to increase their profit the basic objective is to reduce the prospective cost (sunk cost). So it needs to use the price skimming strategy and capture the market before other competitors enter the potential market. And Toyota Company has always been an e arly innovator to do that. (Aisha Jones Scheffel 2008) d.Promotion Strategies The different promotion strategy which were used by the Toyota Company for the Prius car were as follows television set and print advertisements highlighted the evolutionary aspect of hybrid technology and freedom from depending on oil. Toyota has created online e-brochures with video clips which were sent to different people. Toyota also benefited from various celebrity endorsements that attracted attention to the new Prius car. Toyota also promotes motor show exhibitions. Example The Melbourne Motor Show was the first public outing to display new Prius Cars.Toyota has one unique characteristic which is to provide a greener environment friendly car as it produces low emissions. Recently they promoted in an advertisement saying Harmony between Man, Nature and Machine. (Ann Rodriguez and Chris Page 2004) e. Distribution Strategies Toyota Company has distribution centres in Australia. In 1999, Victorian s uper acid Distribution Centre was opened at Altona. It uses the unique distribution methodology the Internet. One can find the dealer on the Toyota. com. au website. Dealers are classified with General Sales, Prius Sales, General service, Prius Services and All Parts.One can get the relevant information of the dealer which would contain the address, Telephone, fax mobilize and email address. 8. Recommendation for Change * Lower the fixed cost of the whole process. * Improving the procedure of the Research and Development. * Build good relationship with other automotive companies in order to increase profits. * Supporting supplier development by funding the on-site process improvement and cost reduction activities. * Supporting dealers to use Toyota Production System to improve customer service reduce costs and increase productivity. Producing Hybrid cars at the manufacturing plant within Australia. (Toyota 2009) 9. Implementation Plan * The main problem was maintaining a long life of the battery of the car. This is one of the biggest problems of the Prius car and the company should overcome this problem to increase the sales. (ConsumerAffair. com 2009) * The passenger side headlight goes off intermittently. This should be rectified by the company. It is a common problem found in most of the cars. (Howard A. Gutman 2009) * Vehicles engine shutting off, at a speed of 35 miles per hour (mph) and 65 (mph). entry advertisement campaign for Green Environment friendly vehicle. * Providing great offers during festival like Christmas and Easter. * Advertising the new features of the third generation car like Remote Air Conditioning System, Pre-collision Safety System, Intelligent Park Assist and Solar Ventilation System. (The Gale group 2009) 10. References * Kotler, Brown, Adam , Burton, ed. (2007), Marketing, Frenchs Forest Pearson Education Australia. I. 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