The Definitive Guide to Writing a Reserach Paper

The Definitive Guide to Writing a Reserach Paper Introducing Writing a Reserach Paper When you are in possession of a superior idea of a logical order, go right ahead and complete the body of your outline. You compose an outline to make sure you don't miss a few important thoughts and that everything is well-structured. An outline is useful in providing you a feeling of the total structure of your. If making outline is part of your assignment, follow the directions you were given. For your research paper example to get going, you ought to announce your introduction with few sentences that show what type of research questions you're going to be asking. After you've already decided what topic you're going to be writing about, the following thing you ought to pay attention to is the range of your paper or what you are going to be including in your discussion. With the appropriate help you are going to be able to finish it in the best way possible. You will introduce the issue in a wide way throughout the very first couple of sentences and focus more closely on the remainder of the introduction, ultimately resulting in specific research questions. Literature essay contains several parts like introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion. The kind of the literature essay should remain formal. Literature review is just one of the most essential components of a writing. Writing a literature review is not a simple task. The 30-Second Trick for Writing a Resera ch Paper Writing a research paper is a little bit of a balancing act. Outline before you finish researching in order to make sure that your paper is centered on. From the web to Paper. Begin with the fundamental components of your paper as stated above. There's no magic formula for writing a thriving research paper. There isn't anything more important than being sure your paper is unique. It is an impossible task to write an excellent research paper on just law. One of the absolute most important measures in the practice of writing a research paper for the. Planning is undoubtedly a necessity, and all the very best research papers examples come from effective planning. So getting accustomed to the very best approach to take when writing a fantastic research paper can prove to be valuable. If you want to write for a particular journal, a great advice is to look at the research paper outline of a number of the articles to have a better idea about how to compose your article. Excellent research papers are all over the internet for one to read. A potent way to structure your essay is to get an opening paragraph. It's possible to just place an order and find the business done punctually. The gorgeous part of writing is you don't need to receive it right the very first time, unlike, say. In the event you need assistance with research paper outline or some help with academic writing, don't hesitate to use our expert services. The Most Popular Writing a Reserach Paper Keep in mind, you do not need to summarize the full research paper j ust mention the relevant points and attempt to earn a quick breakdown of the important and relevant points of your thesis. The decision of the paper is the overview of your arguments made in the body of the paper. The thesis statement ought to be complete, and the remainder of the paper ought to be in line with it. Even though the title is the shortest page of your report, it's often the toughest to write. It may also make writing the actually paper much easier even in the event the student knows the requirements and guidelines. It's also logical to compose a more comprehensive outline for yourself even in the event the requirements are different. How to make an APA research paper outline If it's necessary to write employing the APA format, you should adhere to the general rules of making the outline. Employing an outline template can assist the student organize the paper and eliminate the ideas that aren't pertinent to the intention of the essay. Before you can even start to create a research paper outline, you want to understand what topic you'll be discussing. A critical part of any research paper outline is going to be a literature review. A research paper outline, though, will additionally have a hypothesis or thesis as a portion of the introduction. It can also comprise of the subtopics that will be featured in the main title.

Plastic Surgery - 1364 Words

October 1, 2013 Plastikos â€Å"Despite the popular misconception, the word ‘plastic’ in ‘plastic surgery’ does not mean ‘artificial,’ but is derived from the ancient Greek word ‘plastikos,’ which means to mold or give form† (Schnur and Hait). What was once used to help reconstruct the faces and bodies of wounded soldiers is now used to aesthetically create new faces and bodies around the world. The motive for surgery is changing. Statistics show that plastic surgery is becoming increasingly more popular among men, women, and teens. Not only is the number of surgeries performed growing, but new types of procedures are also appearing. Many people around the world are undergoing several different types of plastic and cosmetic surgeries. The†¦show more content†¦This shows how outrageously common surgery has become there. A writer for CNN Travel named Violet Kim goes so far as to call South Korea â€Å"the plastic surgery capital of the world.à ¢â‚¬  Plastic surgery is such a big component in South Korea, that â€Å"Hotels, such as the Ritz-Carlton Seoul, have partnered with hospitals and have US$88,000 ‘anti-aging beauty packages’ available. In addition to predictable spa treatments such as skin care and health checkups, the packages include stem cell treatment and plastic surgery.† (Kim) The Koreans take beauty and longevity to a whole new level with their extreme surgeries and treatments. Surgical procedures are becoming more increasingly more dramatic and progressively more common in South Korea: â€Å"Double-jaw surgery — which was originally developed to repair facial deformities, involves cutting and rearranging the upper and lower jaws — has become a favorite procedure for South Korean women who are no longer satisfied with mere nose jobs or with paring down cheekbones to achieve a smoother facial line† says Choe Sang-Hun in his article â€Å"In South Korea, Plastic Surgery Comes Out of the Closet† (nytimes.com). â€Å"What we do in double-jaw surgery is to reassemble the face,† said Dr. Park, whose clinic has performed 3,000 such procedures in the past six years. â€Å"Normal people become, sort of, super-normal, and pretty people prettier†Show MoreRelatedPlastic Surgery And Cosmetic Surgery1496 Words   |  6 PagesPlastic surgery has become an extremely popular trend throughout the past years of the American culture. There are many reasons why people get plastic surgery, however, our society is the first to judge an individual for getting a procedure done. The controversy regarding plastic surgery is extremely relevant and has received major attention through celebrities, television, and social media. However, many individuals are unaware that there is a difference between both plastic surgery and cosmeticRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery1836 Words   |  8 PagesNorfolk, Va.† (Goleman, 1991). I know many of you have heard of cosmetic surgery, also known as â€Å"plastic surgery†. Many people have considered cosmetic surgery in order to feel better about their self. This topic really interested me because I know there are many different viewpoints on it. What I wanted to focus on most is how the media portrays cosmetic surgery, how they portray women, the pros and cons of cosmetic surgery, the cost, and ways that we can get more people to be comfortable in theirRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery2001 Words   |  9 Pages In most sources about cosmetic surgery, they ex plain the good or bad about it and also give examples of people that have gone through cosmetic surgery. For most people that go through cosmetic surgery, it takes around 6 months for the swelling to go down and for most of the scars to heal and begin to go away. The majority of people that have an opinion of cosmetic surgery, think that it’s the worst part of the new society and feels like the people that get the procedure done are weak and are easilyRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you hear the phrase â€Å"Plastic Surgery† what comes to mind? Maybe dangerous, and risky, or do you think about the scalpel and all the cutting and all the blood? I myself think about how it’s only for rich celebrities who have a couple extra hundreds of thousands of dollars to spend. We have a bad habit of overlooking all the good things that plastic surgery can achieve. From life altering surgeries and saving lives, by highly qualified surgeons, to gi ving people more confidence and getting ridRead MoreIs Plastic Surgery Worth It?638 Words   |  3 Pagesour children that Hey! Its ok to not love who you are, You should change to meet everyone elses standards.† Plastic Surgery gives Children a false sense of self image in society. When you think of plastic surgery, what do you think of first? Im sure it isnt the risk involved with the procedure that will undergo to become a â€Å"new you† No one ever thinks of the true risk of plastic surgery, or even the cost of undergoing the procedures. For Breast implants, Face lifts, Mastopexy, Breast reductionRead MoreThe Image Of Plastic Surgery Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pageshave lasting effects on millions of Americans who are unhappy with their body image. Plastic surgery has become common amongst middle class women, and a rapid increase in male plastic surgery has been noted in recent years. Constant exposure to the â€Å"perfect† body image in the media puts harm in the very idea that the human body comes in all shapes and sizes. Despite the temptations of a perfect body and plastic surgery to fix imperfections, it is completely possible to maintain a positive sense of selfRead MorePlastic Surgery : Cosmetic And Cosmetic Surgery879 Words   |  4 PagesI) Definition Cosmetic and plastic surgery According to the merriam-Webster website, plastic surgery is another common word for Cosmetic Surgery which means, in general, a type of operation to improve parts of the body. The medical term of Plastic Surgery comes from Greek in 1638. Cosmetic is a type of ornamental surgery which helps patients to reform and rebuild part or demonstrative of their body in order to embellish their appearance and be beautiful. The defect for that could be congenitalRead MorePlastic Surgery Essay1788 Words   |  8 Pagesare paying thousands of dollars to have plastic surgery done to enhance this unreal beauty. Sadly, reality is that beauty is now seen as having the bigger breast, the perfect smile, zero body fat, and the perfectly chiseled nose. More and more people are turning to plastic surgery as a way to make them happy about their appearances and boost their self-esteem in a quick and easy process. But reality is, plastic surgery has major side effects. Plastic surgery causes more physical an d emotional damageRead MoreTeen Plastic Surgery2711 Words   |  11 PagesTeen Plastic Surgery Cosmetic plastic surgery has been increasing rapidly in the medical field, and making its way to the top of the beauty spectrum when it comes to what is important. Teenagers, especially adolescent girls, have been exploring the new ways to enhance their external appearance, and not with just lipstick and eye shadow. In the past three decades, surgeons, magazine editors, and book authors have been investigating the consequences, good and bad, of having cosmetic surgery at suchRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery And Teenagers2046 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to â€Å"Plastic Surgery Teenagers†, â€Å"teenagers who want to have plastic surgery usually have different motivations and goals than adults† (â€Å"Plastic Surgery For Teenagers Briefing Paper†). Thus, meaning that most young adults get cosmetic surgery, which is the reshaping of body parts to improve their physical characteristics. However, changing your physical appearance just because you wan t to or do not feel pretty enough should not be the case of spending all that money and time on a non-matured

Dependency Theory Essay Example For Students

Dependency Theory Essay Outline1 Introduction2 Benefits of Dependency Theory3 Link between the First and Third World4 Financial Issues5 Methods for Development6 Limitations of the Theory7 Conclusion Introduction Dependency theory aims at investigating the value of economic relations between poor and rich countries. The main focus of the theory lies in the fact that capital resources go from a peripheral poor countries to more developed ones. Therefore, wealthy states enrich their capital based on the way how impoverished countries are merged into the world system. The theory resembles neocolonialism and modernization theory in the attempt to explain how developed countries exploit young underdeveloped ones, those which were free of the colonial rules, and way how traditional countries can develop to the same extent as more developed states. Benefits of Dependency Theory Dependency theory was elaborated about 1960 based on the previous economic theories, which explored the resemblance between societies in terms of development. Though, in a flow of time, developed countries progressed more, which left others at a disadvantage. Thus, the main task became to provide help for underdeveloped countries to eliminate levels of poverty through global initiatives, investment, sharing technologies, and integrating them into the global market. Dependency theorists refused from the common view that poor areas imitate the developed ones in its basic sense, but supported that the underdeveloped countries can be distinguished as unique in terms of their economic development, political strength, social and cultural unity.Dependency researchers confirmed that poor territories need to release themselves from external negative force by reducing their participation in the world market and elaborating their own independent reforms. Prebish, who was an Argentinian economis t at UNCLA, noted that impoverished territories need to limit the international trade in order to protect from foreign competition. Link between the First and Third World One of the aspects of the theory was to investigate the reason why poor areas lack resources in their development. The link between the first and third world can indicate the reason of why impoverished areas lag behind others. One of the propositions is connected to the view that the means which can help impoverished areas to develop are an implementation of the reform within world capitalist system and dissemination of assets. Eventually, the impoverished areas will be able to diminish the poverty cycle and promote development. The proponents of the theory illustrate that the possible measures to be taken are tied to reducing the world debt and implementing a Tobin tax. In this way, this type of tax would help to produce huge revenues that later could be utilized to decrease the debt and invest in development projects. Financial Issues Dependency theorists propose that that third world areas might free themselves from world debt by reducing their reliance on financial establishments. The wrong assumption lies in the fact that these types of countries think that their economy is flourished when they borrow money from banks. Though, the third world areas do not fully understand that they face more debt   and get more dependent on the first world areas, which provide further assistance. For example, hegemonic countries utilize their technological and industrial accomplishments that allows them maintaining majority in the world market. For instance, International Monetary Fund, Word Trade Organization, and the World Bank lead their own agendas, which can help them to bring benefits to their firms and satisfy their companies. The difference between developed and underdeveloped countries lies in financial aspect, which restrains the peripheral territory to borrow costs from different one. Therefore, it is not a matter of technological difference, but in the power of the financial market. Matias Vernengo argues that the United States leads a hegemonic position because it managed to strengthen its financial market. The fact that the state is able to control its national currency gives its more priority to take the lead role in global economics. .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 , .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 .postImageUrl , .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 , .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705:hover , .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705:visited , .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705:active { border:0!important; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705:active , .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705 .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0920030d74bd52153fd8ad1d6a648705:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Behavior EssayMethods for Development Based on the view of dependency theorists, one of the best ways for impoverished areas to get more independent is the ability to free themselves from the global capitalist system and improve their relations with developed states. Though, they need to find alternative solutions on their own rather than taking the external help. The main purpose should be strengthening their economies from Western capitalist countries. The first approach could be isolation from the influential rich states, as for instance, when China from 1960 to 2000 managed to gain the global economic power by successfully adopting the politics of isolation. Another solution could be a socialist revolution which would then affect the development of a more affluent country as the latter would need to put sanctions for underdeveloped one. The last method would be taking the strategy of associate or dependent development in a way to implement economic reforms to strengthen the value of economic growth. Limitations of the Theory One of the drawbacks of the theory is the way how the concept of underdevelopment is interpreted in areas outside of Europe and North America. As was stated above, the power of economic and political development among the rich countries is interconnected with failures experienced by impoverished areas. Though, the theory still keeps the disputable nature. For instance, some parts of Asia, Africa, and South American areas are not developed. On the contrary, in ancient times, all territories were considered advanced in terms of cultural heritage, economic strength, philosophical tradition, political and social accomplishments. Therefore, dependency theorists do not offer any ideas of how these territories underwent decline and what was the reason of North American and European economic advancement. The dependency theory explores the strength of economy among rich countries, but does not give enough reason and explanation of how they prospered in their economic power. The confines of the proposition are connected to the fact that underdeveloped areas cannot maintain the position at the economic market because of their dependent role on more rich ones, which are hegemonic. Though, those who support the theory do not give the exact reasons of why more developed countries took the leading role and why other countries could not prosper and lag behind their socio-economic, cultural, and political growth. The way underdeveloped territories cannot flourish in their development is related to the diminishing role of the internal motivations and pressure of external forces. The countries of third world cannot develop their internal strategies because they face corruption and underdeveloped politics. The most developed countries as Norway, Australia, the US, the UK account for strong elect orate system as well as criminal justice, which allows them to confront corruption. Conclusion It should be said that in the long run, economic theorists shift their attention to the Dependency theory in attempt to elucidate the concept of development. The development theory enabled the theorists and researchers to gain deeper insight into the economic problems faced by third world countries and strategies needed to implement in order to improve their economic strength. Though, dependency theory encompasses both advantages and gaps, one of its benefits is the idea that capitalism initially evolved as a multinational system. Now the main question is to find out how countries on the periphery level can be more close to the core.

What aspects of Victorian life has Tennyson revealed in his poetry and what techniques does he use to present them Essay Example Essay Example

What aspects of Victorian life has Tennyson revealed in his poetry and what techniques does he use to present them? Essay Example Paper What aspects of Victorian life has Tennyson revealed in his poetry and what techniques does he use to present them Essay Introduction † Imperialist, racist, reactionary, sexist.† Tom Paulin. Tennyson was a Victorian poet who made a significant contribution to Victorian literature. He lived in a time when there was much inequality of class; where children worked and money ruled. The two nations† Benjamin Disraeli, is an adequate explanation of what Victorian life was typically perceived and described as. The empire was at its largest and the gentry were respected giving upper class domination. The Victorian era was also a â€Å"relentless time of perplexity and doubt† T. S Elliot, and in many ways Tennyson is described as the spokesman of a whole era. He expresses his feelings in a complex way, representing an era of doubt, political and social change, optimisation, hope and a revolution of faith. Tennyson experienced one of the great scientific theories ever proclaimed – Darwin’s â€Å"Origin of the species† where it was proclaimed that humans evolved from â€Å"more c ommon primitive ancestors.† This caused great controversy and challenge concerning the church and scientists, who were both attempting to solve the mystery of the evolution of mankind. What aspects of Victorian life has Tennyson revealed in his poetry and what techniques does he use to present them? Essay Body Paragraphs Tennyson lived between 1809 and 1892 and showed talent in poetic composition since he was fourteen years old, and so in 1850 he became the poet laureate. The most significant event in Tennyson’s life was the sudden death of his best friend Hallam in 1833, but also when he discovered that his three brothers were suffering from mental illness, he sunk into spiritual depression and extreme perplexity. Is it true that human beings evolved from a † common more primitive species? Charles Darwin. It is known that throughout Tennyson’s life he suffered depression, perplexity and confusion, which is why in so many of his works he questions faith, its existence and its worth. In extracts of In Memoriam and Vastness examples of such discussion can be found. Tennyson reveals his pain and suffering in a complex and conservative way, without opening up to his audience but still allowing them to feel his suffering though imagery: â€Å"Behold me, for I cannot sleep, and like a guilty thing I creep at earliest morning to the door.† In Memoriam. Stanza VII His poem In Memoriam is described as † a long poem made by putting together lyrics, which have only the unity and continuity of a diary, a diary of a man confessing himself† T. S. Elliot. The memorability of In Memoriam is achieved in numerous ways; Tennyson’s use of â€Å"light† and â€Å"dark† gives a chilling question of his state of existence in extracts such as † My light is low† and † The twilight of an eternal day.† The use of light and dark creates an image that shadows his feelings of self-pity and hope. † Hope in the sunrise† shows how light and dark can affect a person’s mood and temperament, thus being very effective in reflecting Tennyson’s thoughts and feelings. Tennyson reflects on Faith foremostly by using imagery, which is in many ways effective as a whole picture is revealed for each individual. This is achieved in many ways; one is by using alliteration, whereby he uses monosyllabic words to create a different, bolder concept of his thoughts † On the bald street breaks the blank day.† Vastness. This leads you to imagine Tennyson’s great sadness. The shortness and easiness of the sound made by the first letters allows the words to be spat out, but also as the words are monosyllabic, the words are over abruptly, without warning. This mimics the diminutive time of Hallam’s life. Pathetic fallacy is another crucial technique used to reflect on the melancholia of faith at the rehabilitation of his beliefs, † The faithless oldness of the times† In Memoriam. In both In Memoriam and Vastness Tennyson’s use of metaphors is one of the most pictorial methods of clarifying his stage of trust in God, â€Å"My faith is dry† In Memoriam. When Tennyson reflects on faith and trust it is common that for emphasis he uses repetition to highlight his principle thoughts; † be near me† In Memoriam is repeated for the emphasis that he needs help and wants to trust although he has not the confidence in religion to completely trust God, due to the contemporary dispute between Science and religion, as well as the added grief of the sudden death of his best friend. Although it is not only imagery that contributes to the whole effect of Tennyson’s ideas and views on faith, it is also that his own personal experiences are included in the poems to create a truly chilling real life experience for the reader † As slowly steals a silver flame, along the letters of thy name† In Memoriam. Punctuation is another notable technique used by Tennyson to reveal his true thoughts. His gripping use of rhetorical questions involve the reader, dragging the reader to experience Tennyson’s thoughts and revolutions † Swallow’d in Vastness, lost in silence, drown’d in the deeps of a meaningless past?† Vastness. Tennyson applies words such as † meaningless†, † Vastness† and â€Å"Silence† to give an impression of entrapment, as he has little faith in God although he wants God to † Be near†, him this feeling of melancholia is predominantly due to Darwin’s † Origin of the species†, the upturning of faith and the mortality and madness of his closest relations. Tennyson’s use of caesural pauses gives the reader time to reflect on his intense statements concerning faith, † What the philosophers, all the sciences, poesy, varying voices of prayer?† Tennyson uses rhythm and rhyme along with imagery to create a powerful deception of his thoughts in an interesting way, which determines the mood of each stanza, or the complete poem. In all the rhythm reflects the moods, as faith becomes either powerful or frail, the rhythm becomes brisker or ponderous. â€Å"Ring out the false, Ring in the trueâ₠¬  In Memoriam is a brisk and powerful rhythm anticipating Tennyson’s positive thoughts, where as † Doors where my heart used to beat, so quickly, waiting for a home † is a ponderous rhythm that shows Tennyson is reflecting on the of his downcast thoughts on faith. Sir Robert Peel is dead! Lord Palmerston is the successor! The Victorian era was a period of † Politic perpetual grievance† Benjamin Disraeli. In many of Tennyson’s works especially as poet laureate, significant appearance to the topic of politics occurs frequently in numerous extracts of: The Charge of the Light brigade, Vastness and the † unique† T.S Elliot poem In Memoriam. Much dispute and disruption of politics was linked to Darwin’s † Origin of the species† and the current affairs of the Crimean war. Tennyson captures the havoc and † perpetual grievance â€Å"of the contemporary politics in various methods using foremostly imagery and punct uation. It is conventional that Tennyson repeatedly refers to politics as the left and right mimicking the labour and conservative parties. In The charge of the light Brigade Tennyson refers to â€Å"Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, Cannon in front of them â€Å"This particular quotation can be interpreted firstly as a picture of ominous bravery of the six hundred men of the light brigade, but secondly the quotation could be portrayed as the situation of contemporary politics. As the conventional citizen is bombarded with † lies upon this side, lies upon that side† Charge of the Light Brigade. The citizen is † Storm’d at with shot and shell† Charge of the Light Brigade. This quotation could also be interpreted in the same way by impersonating the current political affairs where by the politicians confuse the citizens with false statements, which lead them to support their party leading up to the vote for the election. Although , doubtlessly the quotation could also be interpreted as the current occurrences of the Crimean war, this can be notified by the alliteration of he monosyllabic words † storm’d â€Å", † shot† and † shell† which are spat out giving a sense of exasperated desolation. â€Å"Raving politics† is predominantly discussed in extracts of Vastness. Tennyson uses various methods of communicating with the reader to register his views on Victorian politics. He initially refers to â€Å"Raving politics never at rest† but then expands and correlates to politics as a † trouble of ants in a gleam of a million, million suns† Vastness. He uses repetition to intensify the † Gleam of the million, million suns†, but he demeans the relevance of politics compared with a working ant. Which has a diminutive genuine purpose on earth compared with the sun, which is a source of life. Tennyson’s application of light and dark meta phorically resembles the † pale† and dullness of life which is a typical pessimistic Victorian view of doubt and mortification that Victorian life is portrayed as compared to the â€Å"gleam † of the â€Å"suns† in another distant realm. Tennyson juxtaposes † Death for the right cause, Death for the wrong cause† Vastness. This in numerous connections is related to the relevance of politics in Tennyson’s works. By juxtaposing the idea that not all death is for the † right cause† he puts forward a revolutionary idea that the â€Å"popular torrent of lies upon lies† Vastness often published by politicians is the cause of † trumpets of Victory, groans of defeat.† Vastness Tennyson draws us towards the † lies† of politics. It is probable that he felt , along with the vast confusion , and the absence of trust , that politics was only another deceitful campaign for the politicians’ personal image . He comments on † honest poverty, bare to the bone† Vastness. This conveys that social changes in areas of poverty are trustworthy, as persons with diminutive class and wealth no not need to express † lies upon lies† Vastness. As they do not have a creditable reputation to withhold, and therefore do not have to fabricate their past or their true identity. † Tennyson is a great poet, for the reasons that are perfectly clear. He has three qualities which are seldom found together except in the greatest poets: abundance, variety and complete competence.† T.S. Elliot Tennyson’s poems greatly mirror the mortality and melancholia of his lifetime; this is particularly relevant in extracts of In Memoriam and Vastness. Great feelings of doubt and perplexity are exerted from In Memoriam, which I personally find to give the most compelling a distinctive message. I find that Tennyson’s application of effectual imagery is the most efficient tech nique used, which I personally think is why T.S. Elliot wrote â€Å"In Memoriam is unique† It is noticeable that although faith is foremostly dealt in; In Memoriam and politics is predominantly discused in Vastness, both poems give a message very different from the conventional view of † Carpe diem†- Live for the day, which was a popular view in pre Victorian England. † Tennyson is in brilliant command of a dead language† Tom Paulin We will write a custom essay sample on What aspects of Victorian life has Tennyson revealed in his poetry and what techniques does he use to present them? Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What aspects of Victorian life has Tennyson revealed in his poetry and what techniques does he use to present them? 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Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte Free Online Research Papers The summer of 1793 found France in a state of absolute turmoil. The lower and middle classes were getting restless, sick of the unfair treatment imposed upon them by the nobles and aristocracy. There was administrative instability and financial insecurity, due to the extravagant spending of the monarchy. Along with increasing taxes on the Third Estate, there was a shortage of food supplies. Peasants were outraged at their deteriorating standards of life and that the fact they were expected to support the clergy and the nobles’ wasteful expenditures through their hard-earned income. The middle class were at the end of their rope, tethered to their place in society due to their familial restrictions. Bitter and resentful of these limitations, these two classes were desperate for some change; desperate for a world where your wealth was not based on your family tree, but a world where if you had merit, you could succeed. It is only fitting that the man to head these changes would be Napoleon Bonaparte. Born in Ajacco, on the small island of Corsica in 1769 , Napoleon was the second son of a large family which did not have much money. Corsica was a small part of the French empire, shunted off to the side, and looked down upon by the French. Corsica had recently been taken over by France after Genoese rule, so Napoleon was French by all means. Even though he was Corsican, he and his family were later exiled. As Robespierre put it, â€Å"I add to the names of patriots I have already mentioned citizen Bonaparte, general in command artillery, a man of transcendent merit. He is Corsican, and brings me the simple guarantee of a man of that country who resisted the blandishments of Paoli, and whose property has been destroyed by that traitor.† This shows he no longer had any attachment to Corsica, and was fully supportive of France. His family also changed the spelling of their surname to Bonaparte to sound more French. As a boy, he was absolutely enthralled by the military. When he was younger, his siblings would paint puppets but Napoleon would paint soldiers. However, when he arrived at military school in France, it was clear from his clothes and rough accent that he was not as privileged as the rest of them. He was quite indignant how even if he was smarter than these boys, he would not be given a chance because of his social class. Continuously shunned, he strove to prove himself with his intelligence. He went through military school with flying colors. A gifted mathematician, he devoted himself to learning about previous battles and tactics that would have prevailed more successfully. After finishing school, he chose to become an artillery specialist. This field was based on skill rather than family connections. Through intensive studying, he quickly became an artillery expert. Usually, someone of his birth would not become very influential within the army, but due to a succession of fortuna te (for him) events, Napoleon quickly rose to power. In 1793, France declared war on Britain, Holland and Spain. Toulon was to launch his military career. General Du Teil was astounded, recommending him to his superiors, â€Å"I lack words to list Bonaparte’s merits: much science, and equal intelligence, and perhaps even too much courage. You, the Ministers, must consecrate him to the glory of the Republic.† Napoleon quickly took the world by storm after his victory at Toulon. By 1796, France had subdued most of its attackers and had only to deal with Austria. Napoleon was placed in charge of this campaign to invade Italy and Piedmont. He was hopeful of another chance to prove his worth, but was disappointed with these 37,000 bedraggled, hopeless soldiers who all lacked supplies. He brought around an incredible change of spirit through rousing speeches: â€Å"All of you are consumed with a desire to extend the glory of the French people; all of you long to humiliate those arrogant kings who dare to contemplate placing us in fetters; you desire to dictate a glorious peace, one which will indemnify the Patrie for the immense sacrifices it has made; all of you wish to be able to say with pride as you return to your villages, â€Å"I was with the victorious army of Italy!† He instilled in these soldiers a craving to prove themselves, to prove they were good enough for their motherland. Napoleon uses the ideology of nationalism to perfection. He effe ctively united this frenzied nation so they could be proud as a whole of its accomplishments. After his astounding success at Toulon, he was placed in charge of an army of 50,000 to invade Egypt. Soldiers began to become afflicted by the plagueThere is even a painting of him visiting soldiers with Black Death. Due to images like these, which one may even call propaganda; Napoleon is remembered as a commander who went above and beyond for his troops. However, it is said that Napoleon ordered a fatal dose of opium for those too sick to travel, so they would not slow others down. This type of secret and decisive maneuvering shows the means Napoleon took to save France from foreign threats. Also, an effective leader is willing to take harsh measures in order to save his people as a whole. Not only that, but Napoleon was compassionate to the people he conquered. â€Å"Do not contradict them [Egyptians]. Behave towards them as we dealt with the Jews, or with the Italians. Respect their muftis and their imams, as you have respected rabbis and bishops. Be tolerant towards cerem onies prescribed by the Koran, as you were tolerant to the convents, the synagogues, the religion of Moses and of Jesus ChristHere you will encounter ways which are different from those of Europe. You must get accustomed to them.† He was by all means an effective an accepting leader. He knew what it took to placate conquered peoples. Napoleon was the perfect mixture of compassion and justice; he knew what it took to get ahead, while still minding the feelings of those who were vital in his plans. To the people of France, Napoleon was the man who pulled them from the dark depths the French Revolution had dragged them into. They were overjoyed at having an adept ruler who was able to protect and fortify France. Napoleon was now seen as even stronger than the Directory, the regime in France at the time. Extremely shaky, the Directory only survived as long as it did because of Napoleon’s consistent military victories. In 1789, there was a successful coup d’à ©tat and the Directory was overthrown. France was constantly evolving, and it needed a leader that was capable and flexible enough to deal with them. After disposing of the Directory, he declared himself first consul and imposed a new constitution. In 1804, he named himself emperor. Yet, people did not revolt. In fact, he asked the people of France vote on it. Life under Napoleon was much better than of years past. He undertook many reforms. Napoleon encouraged more production in factories and started many new government programs. He improved roadways and bridges by having them repaired and lengthened, centralizing everything. Providing jobs, he also had the tunnels and canals renovated. Many French cities underwent new changes, with sewer systems being renovated and many impressive structures being built. Not only that, Napoleon created lycà ©es which consolidated learning in France. This creation allowed for pupils to learn and be educated regardless of social status. One of his most important reforms was the Civil Code. The Civil Code was a body of laws which applied to all of France. The Civil Code effectively ended feudal privilege, and made things much more secular and not as dependent on the clergy. These laws applied to anyone, regardless of their social status. There was no special treatment and everyone was truly equal. One vital part of the Code stated an individual had all rights to his property and it could not be taken away. While this Code focused on strengthening patriarchal society, it also gave women the power to divorce and inheritance. And considering the times, Napoleon’s France was egalitarian. Women had much more rights than before, and social status began to count for less and less. The Code was an effective way of spreading Enlightenment ideals and unify the country. History sees Napoleon as a ruthless tyrant and dictator; however, he did what was best for France at the time. He was their liberator; a decisive and effective ruler who ensured France’s rise to power after the French Revolution. Not only that, he was loved by the people because he truly loved France and did everything possible for it. Napoleon Bonaparte spread the ideals of the Enlightenment more effectively than the philosophes. So how did this diminutive man standing at a mere 5’2† become the ruler of France? By effectively taking advantage of the chaotic state of France. He took this almost ruined country off its knees and gave it something to live for. He was the hero everybody admired. An incredible rags-to-riches story, Napoleon was the poster child of meritocracy. Based on his skills alone, he had to risen to the position of emperor. Napoleon truly cared, â€Å"I had but one goal: to reunite all, reconcile all, have all hatreds forgotten, bring everyone together, gather together so many divergent elements and compose tem anew in one whole: one France and one Patrie.† Napoleon Bonaparte was not a tyrant, just Machiavellian. Modern society looks down upon Napoleon because he had a dictatorship but when asked why he did not re-establish the Republic or the Consulate when he came back into power, he answered, â€Å"Because the Empire was more popular than the Republic.† And that is what makes the difference between a dictator and one of the most popular leaders of all time. He was loved. He was treasured. He saw France through its most prosperous and powerful eras. Bibliography Bonaparte, Napoleon. Napoleon: Destroyer and Preserver of the Revolution.† Sources of the Western Tradition. 2003. Bonaparte, Napoleon. Correspondence. 4, no.2723, p.270, Alexandria, proclamation of 2 July 1798. Englund, Steven. Napoleon: A Political Life. New York: Sribner, 2004. Horne, Alistair. The Age of Napoleon. New York: Random House, Inc., 2004. Johnson, Paul. Napoleon. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 2002. Landau, Elaine. Napoleon Bonaparte. Minnesota: Twenty-First Century Books, 2006. Lyons, Martyn. Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994. McLynn, Frank. Napoleon. New York: Arcade Publishing, 1997. ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/david/st-bernard.jpg [cover] nycgrl413@yahoo.com Research Papers on Biography of Napoleon BonaparteAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Quebec and CanadaHip-Hop is ArtThe Spring and AutumnStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric Anderson19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Flodden - Battle of Flodden Field

Flodden - Battle of Flodden Field Battle of Flodden - Conflict Date: The Battle of Flodden was fought September 9, 1513, during the War of the League of Cambrai (1508-1516). Battle of Flodden - Armies Commanders: Scotland King James IV34,000 men England Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey26,000 men Battle of Flodden - Background: Seeking to honor the Auld Alliance with France, King James IV of Scotland declared war on England in 1513. As the army mustered, it transitioned from the traditional Scottish spear to the modern European pike which was being used to great effect by the Swiss and Germans. While trained by the French Comte dAussi, it is unlikely that the Scots had mastered the weapon and maintaining the tight formations required for its use before moving south. Gathering around 30,000 men and seventeen guns, James crossed the border on August 22 and moved to seize Norham Castle. Battle of Flodden - The Scots Advance: Enduring miserable weather and taking high losses, the Scots succeeded in capturing Norham. In the wake of the success, many, tired of the rain and spreading disease, began to desert. While James loitered in Northumberland, King Henry VIIIs northern army began to gather under the leadership of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. Numbering around 24,500, Surreys men were equipped with bills, eight-foot long poles with blades at the end made for slashing. Joining his infantry were 1,500 light horsemen under Thomas, Lord Dacre. Battle of Flodden - The Armies Meet: Not wishing the Scots to slip away, Surrey dispatched a messenger to James offering battle on September 9. In an uncharacteristic move for a Scottish king, James accepted stating that he would remain in Northumberland until noon on the appointed day. As Surrey marched, James shifted his army into a fortress-like position atop Flodden, Moneylaws, and Branxton Hills. Forming a rough horseshoe, the position could only be approached from the east and required crossing the River Till. Reaching the Till Valley on September 6, Surrey immediately recognized the strength of the Scottish position. Again dispatching a messenger, Surrey chastised James for taking such a strong position and invited him to do battle on the nearby plains around Milfield. Refusing, James wished to fight a defensive battle on his own terms. With his supplies dwindling, Surrey was compelled to choose between abandoning the area or attempting a flanking march to the north and west to force the Scots out of their position. Opting for the latter, his men began crossing the Till at Twizel Bridge and Milford Ford on September 8. Reaching a position above the Scots, they turned south and deployed facing Branxton Hill. Due to continued stormy weather, James did not become aware of the English maneuver until sometime around noon on September 9. As a result, he began shifting his entire army to Branxton Hill. Formed in five divisions, Lord Hume and the Early of Huntly led the left, the Earls of Crawford and Montrose the left center, James the right center, and the Earls of Argyll and Lennox the right. The Earl of Bothwells division was held in reserve to the rear. Artillery was placed in the spaces between the divisions. At the base of the hill and across a small stream, Surrey deployed his men in similar fashion. Battle of Flodden - Disaster for the Scots: Around 4:00 in the afternoon, James artillery opened fire on the English position. Consisting largely of siege guns, they did little damage. On the English side, Sir Nicholas Appelbys twenty-two guns replied with great effect. Silencing the Scottish artillery, they began a devastating bombardment of James formations. Unable to withdraw over the crest without risking a panic, James continued to take losses. To his left, Hume and Huntly elected to begin the action without orders. Moving their men down the least steep part of the hill, their pikemen advanced toward Edmund Howards troops. Hampered by the severe weather, Howards archers fired with little effect and his formation was shattered by Hume and Huntlys men. Driving through the English, their formation began to dissolve and their advance was checked by Dacres horsemen. Seeing this success, James directed Crawford and Montrose to move forward and began advancing with his own division. Unlike the first attack, these divisions were forced to descend a steep slope which began to open their ranks. Pressing on, additional momentum was lost in crossing the stream. Reaching the English lines, Crawford and Montroses men were disorganized and the bills of Thomas Howard, the Lord Admirals men slashed into their ranks and cut the heads from the Scottish pikes. Forced to rely on swords and axes, the Scots took frightful losses as they were unable to engage the English as close range. To the right, James had some success and pushed back the division led by Surrey. Halting the Scottish advance, James men soon faced a situation similar to Crawford and Montrose. On the right, Argyle and Lennoxs Highlanders remained in position watching the battle. As a result, they failed to notice the arrival of Edward Stanleys division on their front. Though the Highlanders were in a strong position, Stanley saw that it could be flanked to the east. Sending forward a portion of his command to hold the enemy in place, the remainder made a concealed movement to the left and up the hill. Unleashing a massive arrow storm on the Scots from two directions, Stanley was able to force them to flee the field. Seeing Bothwells men advancing to support the king, Stanley reformed his troops and along with Dacre attacked the Scottish reserve from the rear. In a brief fight they were driven off and the English descended on the rear of the Scottish lines. Under attack on three sides, the Scots battled on with James falling in the fighting. By 6:00 PM much of the fighting had ended with the Scots retreating east over the ground held by Hume and Huntly. Battle of Flodden - Aftermath: Unaware of the magnitude of his victory, Surrey remained in place overnight. The next morning, Scottish horsemen were spotted on Branxton Hill but were quickly driven away. The remnants of the Scottish army limped back across the River Tweed. In the fighting at Flodden, the Scots lost around 10,000 men including James, nine earls, fourteen Lords of Parliament, and the Archbishop of St. Andrews. On the English side, Surrey lost around 1,500 men, most from Edmund Howards division. The largest battle in terms of numbers fought between the two nations, it was also Scotlands worst ever military defeat. It was believed at the time that every noble family in Scotland lost at least one person at Flodden. Selected Sources North East England History Pages: Battle of Flodden FieldElectric Scotland: Battle of FloddenUK Battlefields Resource Centre: Battle of Flodden

Should Canadian goverment provide privatization of water Research Paper

Should Canadian goverment provide privatization of water - Research Paper Example This has led to water privatization seeming like a practical alternative, as there will be a reduction of waste, sensible pricing and improved distribution. Despite the scarcity of water, lure of profits and promise of an improved economy, it would be vital to remember that there is no substitute for water. Canadian government privatisation of water for trading as a commodity like oil would be detrimental to the welfare of the humanity. There are humanitarian concerns relating to danger attributable to privatizing water that will result to closing out of the poor to its access. This is because prices attached to accessibility of water would not be affordable to majority of the people, leading to further disregard for social welfare, as spread of diseases will be more widespread. Privatizing water will liken it to commodities such as natural gas, which are not essential utilities or even a fundamental human right, and there is also the fear that water trading would lead to ecological destruction as it is a heritage of the Earth. Recently, opponents of privatization have stated that reversing this would be difficult once things go wrong. It would create a scenario where water services would be further privatized all over the country. As time passes, focus will shift to shareholders and not consumers, otherwise taxpayers if water delivery were a state-governed service. This implies that profits gained would go to a sm all number of people, further deepening inequality. If the service remains a responsibility of the state, any profits reaped go to the public implying lower taxes or increased spending in other beneficial activities (Trew). From a corporate perspective, water exportation would be expensive because of shipping costs since water is heavy and returns from it through local selling would not bring back the investment; therefore, financial viability would not be sensible. Looking at the

The extent of gender fatigue transpiring within the workplace, and the Dissertation

The extent of gender fatigue transpiring within the workplace, and the ways it can be overcome - Dissertation Example The only viable explanation for the disparaging gender treatments is gender fatigue. It is concluded that both victims and managers need to ignore gender fatigue and deal with incidents of gender inequality responsibly to void the dangers of gender equality losing ground. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Research Questions 5 Statement of the Problem 5 Significance of the Study 6 Aims and Objectives of the Study 7 Research Methodology 8 A Review of Literature 8 Gender Inequality in the Work Place 8 Why Gender Inequality Exists in Some Organizations 10 Gender Fatigue as the Driving Force Behind Gender Inequality in the Workplace 12 Results and Analysis 15 Conclusion 18 Bibliography 20 Introduction Gender fatigue is a phrase used to describe stagnation and complacent attitudes toward reforms and calls for gender equality (Dehhehy, 2012). Initial evidence of gender fatigue was present during the 1980s when feminists were portrayed in public discourse as cartoon characters and as bitter women devoid of humour who projected a belief that all men were â€Å"pigs† and all â€Å"women are saints’ and that â€Å"women who stay at home are wasting their lives† (Sadker & Zittleman, 2009, p. 52). Kelan (2009) gives expression to gender fatigue in the workplace describing it as a situation in which organizations are self-described as â€Å"gender neutral†, yet there is evidence of gender discrimination and the prevailing attitude is one in which there is a general feeling that gender discrimination is thing of the past and â€Å"can happen,† but it is up to women to find solutions (p. 197). Kelan (2008) also argues that members of an organization will often describe their respective organizations as â€Å"gender neutral† although it is obvious to all that there is gender discrimination (p. 1). Workers will acknowledge that gender discrimination occurs in the workplace but will brush it off as unimportant to the work that they do. According to Kelan (2008), this is evidence that these workers are â€Å"experiencing gender fatigue† and that they are â€Å"weary of thinking about gender inequality† (p. 1). Kelan (2010) points out that the practice of doing gender at work takes dual approaches in which gender equality is established and juxtaposed against a situation in which gender differences are once again pronounced. For example, a task is usually performed in which gender equality is highlighted and this will be followed by the allocation of â€Å"remedial work, through which gender hierarch is re-established† (Kelan, 2010, p. 176). This research study investigates the problems created by gender fatigue in the work place. In particular, this research study is concerned with the prevailing attitude in organizations that take the position that they are gender neutral, yet gender inequality remains a part of the organizational culture. In these circumstances, described as gender f atigue, this research paper seeks to identify how the problems associated with achieving gender equality as a result of gender fatigue within organizations can be overcome. Research Questions In order to investigate the problem of gender fatigue in organizations and how gender fatigue can be overcome to

Intergration and reflection Essay Example for Free

Intergration and reflection Essay This is a reflection paper in partial fulfillment of the course math 101 module 6. It is my evaluation for the entire course in terms of strengths, ability, knowledge and how I can implement or relate to them on a day to day life. The challenges I met along the way and what I would have done to overcome them and if the course objectives were fully integrated. I was able to acquire the knowledge, skills and understanding of the course and ready to advance to a higher level. I have learnt to solve problems by paying attention to detail and making a decision. I’ve also learnt big problems are made up of small problems so first know how to solve the small ones so as to manage the big ones. I believe I did exceptionally well in terms of performance but there is always room for improvement. Participating more in class, focusing on my week areas, reading more course books are just some ways I would have improved more. The topics that were a challenge were graphing inequalities and factors of numbers. In order to implement these topics more participating during class time and doing tests after every topic to gauge the understanding of the topics would help in a great way. The aptitude you acquire in class will help in your daily life. For example calculating change, taxes, discounts, commission, distance between two points for example from school to home, or even planting trees or flowers in a particular area. The course objective were fully achieved as am now able to solve application problems, calculate according to order of operations and also comparing quantities using ratios.

Going Towards a Postpatriarchal Family :: Philosophy Hochschild Women Papers

Going Towards a Postpatriarchal Family Ours is a time of dramatic and confusing transformations in everyday life, many of them originating in the social enfranchisement of women that has occurred over the past twenty-five years. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild demonstrates a widespread phenomenon of work-family imbalance in our society, experienced by people in terms of a time bind, and a devaluation of familial relationships. As large numbers of women have moved into the workplace, familial relations of all sorts have been colonized by what Virginia Held critically refers to as the contractual paradigm. Even the mother/child relationship, representing for Held an alternative feminist paradigm of selfhood and agency, has been in large part "outsourced." I believe that an Arendtian conception of speech and action might enable us to assert anew the grounds for familial relations. If we require a new site upon which to address our human plurality and natality, the postpatriarchal family may provide that new site upon which indi viduals can freely act to recreate the fabric of human relationships. It would seem to be our moral and political responsibility as social philosophers today to speculatively contribute to the difficult yet imperative task of reconfiguring the family. In this paper, I attempt to articulate the basic assumptions from which such a reconfiguration must begin. I. Some Ironies of Our Current Moment While motherhood represented women's primary opportunity for achievement and respect within previous societies, second-wave feminism critically explored the lived reality of women as mothers within our middle-class American society. Betty Friedan's influential The Feminine Mystique, published in 1965, indicted the deadly boredom of the suburban home, while later works such as Adrienne Rich's Of Woman Born, articulated with devastating incisiveness the oppressive qualities of the contemporary institution of motherhood. According to Rich, the intense joys of mothering children were embedded in a patriarchal structure that created agonizing conflicts for any woman who saw herself as more than merely a nurturer of her spouse and children. As feminists, we believed that the institutions of family and motherhood would change quite radically as women entered the workplace. And they have. Our lives have been dramatically transformed over the last twenty-five years, through a process I refer to as "the social enfranchisement of women." (1) As large numbers of women have entered the public workforce and contraception has become widely available, women have come to be seen as possessing the same economic and political rights and responsibilities as men.

Psychoanalytic Model Paper Essay

When we talk about Psychoanalytic theory the first name that comes to mind is Sigmund Freud. Even though they are other psychologists that contributed to psychoanalytic theory and its development, Sigmund Freud is known for being the founder of this theory. He is famous for his work on sexual bias of neurosis, his study of hysteria, childhood seduction controversy, and dream analysis, among other theories like id, ego, and superego. Psychoanalytic Theory is the theory of the unconscious mind, and the personality development. Another concept, that helped shape psychoanalysis, is the early ideas of psychopathology. Like any other theory, there is always criticism, and other psychologists that do not share the same view. In Freud’s case, he was criticized for his way of collecting and recording data from his sessions with patients. Also for his theory of women having penis envy, and that he focused on the past behaviors instead of paying attention to the patient’s goals, future hopes, and motivations. Psychoanalytic Theory focuses on the study of the unconscious and abnormal behavior. Three of the major influences of psychoanalysis were philosophical speculations about the unconscious, early ideas about psychopathology, and other evolutionary theory. The theory of the unconscious mind is that it is a big influence in our life whether we are sleeping or awake. Freud’s speculated that our actions were a manifestation of the unconscious consequence of childhood  experience or emotion. It was Fechner that used the analogy that the unconscious mind is like an iceberg. This analogy helped inspire some of Freud’s work so much that he even quoted Fechner is some of his writings. There were other psychologists before Freud that suggested the theory of the unconscious mind; however Freud claimed that he found a way to study it scientifically. According to Freud, the unconscious mind slips and exposes our true thoughts, desires, emotions and behavior in dreams. This is known as the Freudian slip. Psychopathology also had a great influence on the development of Psychoanalysis. The study of mental illness dates back to 2000BC. The Babylonians believed that mental illness was the cause of demon possession and that the only treatment was thru magic and prayer. The Hebrews also believed that the cure for mental illness was thru magic and prayer. They also believed that the cause of mental illness was the cause of sins. The great Greek philosophers believed that mental illness was the cause of the disorder of thought process. The treatment was the power of the healing word. In other words, they believed that therapy was the answer to mental illness. When Christianity became popular they convinced the people that mental illness was the result of the evil spirits sending us back to 2000BC mentality. The only difference is that the Christian Church believed that the only way to get rid of evil spirits and possessions was thru torture and execution. It wasn’t until the eighteen century that mental illness was considered as a behavioral problem. People displaying irrational behavior were sent to an asylum also known as the cemetery for the still breathing. This inspired other psychiatrists to find forms of treatment for the mentally ill. The Emmanuel Movement focused on talk therapy sessions. Elwood Worcester believed that psychological issues can be in some cases the cause of mental illness. The movement became so popular that when Freud came to the United Sates with the concept of psychoanalysis they welcomed him with opened arms. Sigmund Freud is believed to be the father of psychoanalytic theories. His research was based on his theories about the conscious and unconscious mind. He believed that our actions, emotions, and true thoughts are stored deep in our unconscious. He actually got inspired by Fechner’s analogy that the mind is like an iceberg. The part that is above water represents the conscious mind, and the part that is deep in the water is the unconscious mind. Freud strongly believed that our deepest desires were stored in the mind, and no divine power could change that  not even religion. He liked using the free association technique by letting his patients talk about whatever came to mind. Freud believed that by letting the patients express their thoughts they would uncover repressed memories that were the cause of their behavior. He noticed that his patients talked about childhood suppressed memories that involved sexual issues. At first he thought that his patient’s neurosis was caused by childhood trauma of sexual abuses. Later he suspected that they were fantasies that his patients were reporting and not the actual abuse. One of his theories is that all sons have a sexual attraction towards the mother and all girls towards the father. Freud published a paper talking about his theory of childhood seduction. This paper created so much controversy that some people were angry, and other had mixed emotions. Freud believed that sexual frustration was the cause of neurosis. He was actually obsessed with the subject because of sex because of the lack of sex in his life. By analyzing his dreams he realized that the unconscious mind can manifest thru dreams. Years later he published a book â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams† (1900). Even though Sigmund Freud’s is considered the father of psychoanalysis it was Charles Darwin’s work that inspired Freud. Most of his views came from Darwin’s ideas on psychoanalysis like the meaning of dreams, the unconscious mind, sexual arousal, and even childhood development. Frank J. Sulloway was a recognized historian of science, and he found that Freud’s way of thinking  was inspired by Darwin. â€Å"What Sulloway did was to check the books in Freud’s personal library, where he found copies of Darwin’s works. Freud had read them all and had written notes in the margins.†(Schultz, D 1969 pg293). Even though Freud contributed to the field of psychoanalysis there was criticism of his work. Some scholars believe that his work was reliable due to poor record keeping. â€Å"He did not make a verbatim transcript of each patient’s words but worked from notes made several hours after seeing the patient† (Schultz, D 1969 pg315). This means that his notes of the sessions with his  patients were compromised by his opinions and ideas. I can see way people would be concerned with his methods of data collection. There is a chance that he misunderstood what his patients were telling him. For example, when my husband and I have an argument there’s time when I misinterpreted what he said. My recollection of the argument is different from his recollection of the argument. In his case, it is important to have the most accurate information. Other scholars believed that he influenced the patient’s answers and only heard what he wanted to hear. â€Å"Examination of the actual cases referred to by Freud reveals not a single instance in which this was the case. There is no evidence that any patient ever told Freud she had been seduced by her father. This is nothing more than an inference on Freud’s part. (Kihlstorm, 1994, p.683)† (Schultz, D 1969, pg316). Concerns about the credibility of his work arose because of inconsistencies with his research, his notes, and the work he published. His work was limited to just a number of people and considered incomplete. There were other psychologists that also contributed to the development of Psychoanalysis. Carl Jung worked closely with Freud but after 1914, he developed the idea of analytical psychology. This was his own version of what psychoanalysis should be and opposed some of Freud’s work. Jung believed that what shape our personality are our goals, hopes and aspirations and not just childhood experiences like Freud suggested.  Personality can change with time. During our lifetime, we can experience several personalities depending on the experiences and the level of maturity. This means that you are not the same person you were in high school. As time passes you learn from your experiences and adapt to your environment as it changes. One of Jung’s theories is that the unconscious mind is formed by two levels. One is the personal level where all the memories, wishes, faint perceptions and suppressed memories are. The second form of unconscious is the collective unconscious this is where all the universal and  evolutionary experiences are. For example, the need and instinct to survive that gets passed on for generations. He also referred to this as archetypes of the collective unconscious. â€Å"We typically experience archetype in the form of emotions associated with significant life events such as birth, adolescence, marriage, and death or with reactions to stream danger.† (Schultz, D 1969, pg.327). He also suggested the theories of introversion and extraversion along with the types of functions and attitudes. Another psychologist, that also made a great contribution to psychoanalysis, was Alfred Adler. Like Jung, Adler did not share Freud’s views on the Oedipus complex. Adler was more interested in the conscious mind than the unconscious mind. He also believed that our plans for the future are the ones that influenced behavior and not the past experiences. Some of his theories are the creative power of the Self and that the order in which we are born matters. Karen Horney also contributed to the development of psychoanalysis. She had many disagreements with Freud’s theories except for the unconscious motivations. She did not share Freud’s view that women had penis envy; instead she suggested that man had womb envy. These psychologists helped developed psychoanalysis. They all brought interesting and exciting new ideas to the table. These theories helped shaped and develop psychoanalysis. Even though Sigmund  Freud is considered the father of psychoanalysis the one that pave the way for others to follow, in fact, it was Charles Darwin how inspired Freud theories. It was Darwin who paved the way for psychoanalysis, but Sigmund brought attention to it by claiming he found a scientific way to study the unconscious mind. Freud had many theories some were accepted by scholars, other theories were not. For example, Childhood seduction caused controversy, and some psychologists did not share his view of the Oedipus complex. Even his method of collecting data was criticized causing doubts about the credibility of his work. The one thing they did agree on  was of the existence of the unconscious mind and how it influenced a person’s thoughts, emotions, dreams, personality, and behaviors. Psychoanalysis began with just a philosophical speculation about the unconscious mind. Shaped by the early ideas about psych opathology and developed by evolutionary theories. References Schultz, D. (1969). A history of modern psychology (10e ed.). New York: Academic Cohen, T. (2003). Sigmund freud: The founder of psychoanalysis. School Library Journal, 49(9), 231. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/211726954?accountid=458

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase

In the beginning, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 CDK1 for example, is a cell division cycle protein homolog 2, regarding a research paper that explains the role of CDK1 in the human breast cancer cells. They found that CDK1 rather than any types of CDK is fatal to the mutated version of MYC- dependent cancer that leads to a depletion of the oncogene in human cancer cells. The study reveals that the reason for the MYC breast cancer cells duplation is targeting CDF1 exhibit any other CDK cell lines. The primary purpose was to figure out the mechanism of CDK1 inhibition which controls and target the breast cancer cells in human and both phosphorylation and expression of MYC during the cell cycle process. To confirm that, they used siRNA knockdown to measure the expression level of MYC. Further, other than any mutants, apoptosis leading to the uncontrolled cell proliferation especially in human breast cancer disease that was measured by the detection of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 using flow cytometry technique. The controls that were used are estrogen receptor ER-positive and ER-negative, they found increased at the number of the protein activity for the positive and the negative correlation, but the gene expression was high at the positive one and decreased to zero at the negative control (that means no reaction between them). They confirmed that CDK1 is essential for cell division and necessary for driving the cell cycle in all cell types.To initiate intracellular signaling pathways and stimulate the cell cycle entry, mitogens substance bind to the cell surface receptor with the activation form of GTPase Ras that activates MAP kinase cascade. That will lead to the expression of encoding gene of the transcription regulatory protein like MYC. Moreover, MYC will increase the expression of many late response genes, including some genes that lead to increased G1-CDK activity (cyclin D Cdk4), which triggers the phosphorylation of members of the tumor suppressor protein (Retinoblastoma protein) family. The inactive form of RB proteins can release the E2F target genes to initiate the transcription process in G1 and S phases, to enhance the G1- CDK and S- CDK activities and the phosphorylation of RB proteins forming a positive feedback loop.

The Interpretation of Indirect Utterances

The Interpretation of Indirect Utterances The Interpretation of Indirect Utterances* Types of Indirectness- This study asserts the importance of communicative competence in learning. It discusses one aspect of communicative competence : the interpretation of indirect utterances .- Two types of indirectness are addressed here in this study :1- Pragmatic Ambivalence .2- Implicature .1- Pragmatic Ambivalence- Pragmatic Ambivalence, as Thomas ( 1995 ) argues, occurs when the intended force of an utterance, such as " Is that the phone ? ", is quite indeterminate. This is by virtue of the fact that it can be either a straightforward question or a request to the hearer to answer the phone. Thus, Pragmatic Ambivalence is used when the speaker does not " make clear precisely which range of related illocutionary values is intended. " For example an utterance like " It is cold in here ", can be used as a constative ( report about the temperature in the room ), a request to turn on the heating system, or an excuse to leave the room .Jes se Grice- Thomas ( 1988 ) distinguishes between ambiguity and ambivalence. Ambiguity is a semantic grammatical term. It is the case that one meaning is intended by the speaker. With Ambivalence, which operates at a pragmatic level, both speaker and addresser understand that more than one interpretation is possible. Coates' notion of Indetermincy refers to the same phenomenon .2- Implicature- Yule ( 1996 ) defines Implicature as an " additional conveyed meaning ". Implicatures are thus " examples of more being communicated than is said ". Green ( 1989 ) argues that " much of the value of implicature in conversation lies in its indirectness, in the fact that it allows the speaker to avoid saying exactly what she means to convey ".

Homograph Examples

Homograph Examples Homograph Examples Homograph Examples By Sharon Homographs are words with different pronunciation, meanings and origins but the same spelling. They are not to be confused with homonyms, homophones and heteronyms. In order to work out which pronunciation and which meaning is appropriate, you need to be aware of the context. Here are a few homographs and their meanings: agape with mouth open OR love bass type of fish OR low, deep voice bat - piece of sports equipment OR an animal bow type of knot OR to incline down a lower place OR soft fluff on a bird entrance the way in OR to delight evening smoothing out OR after sunset fine of good quality OR a levy learned past tense of learn OR knowledgeable minute tiny OR unit of time moped was gloomy OR motorcyle number more numb OR numerical value row line OR argument OR propel a boat sewer drain OR person who sews wave move the hand in greeting OR sea water coming into shore wound past tense of wind OR to injure Linguist John Higgins has prepared a comprehensive list of homographs in various categories, including those where the meanings are related but the part of speech and pronunciation change. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†50 Types of PropagandaPeople vs. Persons

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 15

History - Essay Example This was the only immediate option for our survival as the owner of the farm we used to till included us on the list of peasant families that were to be removed from its custody due to extreme hardship (Curtis). When the entire Ireland experienced food shortage between 1845-1846 (Curtis), my husband’s illness worsened and he died at the height of the Great Famine. The extremely difficult life in Ireland at that time, leaving only in potato for subsistence (Curtis) had made the call of the Statue of Liberty irresistible. I soon decided to accept the opportunity to flee from the hunger which afflicted Ireland and the painful memory of my husband’s death. I boarded a ship to America on December, 1846 bringing along our five year-old boy, Oliver. After a â€Å"6 to 8 weeks† (â€Å"Irish Settlement†) voyage, my son and I safely arrived in America on February, 1847. We landed in New York and the America that met us was bustling with activity. I saw thousands of immigrants like myself willing to become â€Å"servants with a promise of land and a new life in the new country† (â€Å"Irish Settlement†). I desired to work in one of the many existing factories in New York but found myself wanting of job opportunities. I realized then that we arrived at a time when America was, as described by John Curl, on the brink of technological advancement in machinery thereby creating â€Å"unskilled laborers out of the formerly skilled workers.† Indeed, my son and I were welcomed in 1847 by an America that was buried in â€Å"depression, layoffs, wage cuts and failing strikes† (Curl). It was a terrible experience. I found myself competing with the â€Å"Native-born Americans† (Curl) for factory jobs and being a woman and an immigrant made it even more difficult. I then failed to find a job in New York. During our brief stay in New York, I heard many fellow immigrants recount their â€Å"helpless condition† in America upon arrival (Maguire, 1868). â€Å"Many families were

Racism in football Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Racism in football - Essay Example In Cashmore’s book Black Sportsmen, he identifies many factors which have influenced blacks and contributed to their decision to enter the field of sport. Firstly, Cashmore attempts to illustrate and empathise with the tendency for black families to be unstable. How many African/ Caribbean children have been raised in a broken home by a lone parent, typically the mother? By the age of 13 or 14, the child tends to seek out a father figure. In many cases, this results in them building a relationship with their coaches. This relationship/bond usually lasts until the child becomes an adult and is ready to face the real world on their own. â€Å"The surrogate father guides his protà ©gà © through his turbulent teens into his twenties when he develops into a mature and secure sportsman with an abundance of technique and conviction challenging enough to take him to success † (Cashmore, 1982: 79). The majority of afro/Caribbean children did enter sport through the encouragement and support received from coaches and trainers. However, it was only a small proportion that became successful as they held the vital physical assets such as strength and speed. In essence, black parents tended to neglect their child’s development in sport. They generally offered no encouragement and at times made it obvious that they had no interest in sport. Carlos Francis (black footballer) commented on the influence of his parents: â€Å"They’ve never even seen me play. They gave me no encouragement at all and didn’t even realise I was so into football. Even now they don’t take an active interest† (Cashmore, 1982:81). As Cashmore goes on to explain the reasons behind the lack of support, he elaborates on the fact that black parents tend to be pre-occupied in maintaining a material existence, and trying their very best to make ends meet. Most parents were uneducated; when they migrated over they had taken up the work that was made available to them. These

Leadership, Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership, Management - Essay Example Therefore similar to artist leaders have a path which is not predefined and challenges which are unknown. Through their own intuition and capabilities they make new and unique decisions. Answers: There is a key difference when it comes to comparing mangers and leaders. The role of leaders and mangers is very different in organizations. The manger for examples takes care and follows procedures to complete organization tasks and goals. This would include roles of line mangers and floor managers. A floor manager in a bank follows a set standard in dealing with issues and problems. They do not innovate in their tasks and roles. Leaders on the other hand do not have a manual to follows. This means that their job is far more difficult and serious. They have to make instant judgments based on past experiences and intuition. Answers: The expectations and the sources of these expectations are different for each category of leaders. The expected leader has a stronger bond with their subordinates. This would also suggest that the level expectation is higher. Moreover an elected leader would feel more in command when taking to his/her superiors rather than subordinates who appointed him. An elected leader on the other hand can exercise mush more raw power. This is because the subordinates do not feel that they own him. The appointed leader is also more isolated from his subordinated which can lead on occasions to reduction in efficiency and increase malcontent. Answers: The level of empathy is higher in Female managers. They engage in roles where employees enjoy better communication with the leaders. Male managers however are more obsessed with exercising power rather than engaging with their employees. Therefore the dynamics of this relationship are rather different for both female and male leaders. Answers: Case studies are internationally considered the best form of

Contemporary Ergogenic Aids

Contemporary Ergogenic Aids A literature review of contemporary ergogenic aids which have been recommended within the lay literature to improve exercise performance A number of psychological, mechanical, nutritional and pharmacological factors shown to limit exercise performance have been identified. Driving towards success, professional and amateur athletes attempt to identify these factors and to find techniques to minimise their likely impact. Specific nutrients or compounds used in an attempt to enhance the capacity of an individual to perform a specific task beyond effects attributable to training alone have been described as ergogenic aids (Williams, 1983).Currently, two nutritional aids have identified which are thought to reduce the rate of intramuscular metabolite accumulation, beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate. Beta alanine supplementation increases intramuscular buffering capacity by enhancing intramuscular carnosine synthesis. Whereas, sodium bicarbonate has shown to increase the extracellular buffering capacity by increasing the blood bicarbonate concentration (Requena et al. 2005). During high intensity exercise, fatigue is often associated to the excessive accumulation of metabolites, such as potassium ions (K+), hydrogen ions (H+), and phosphate ions (Pi+), and the availability of metabolic fuel sources (Fitts et al, 2008). The ergogenic potential of beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate have both become increasingly topical avenues of exploration due to the growing popularity of their supplementation by amateur and professional athletes.Therefore, this review will focus on critically evaluating the evidence on beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate, which are both currently recommended within the lay literature to enhance performance. Furthermore, to make a reasoned conclusion about nutritional manipulations which could enhance performance. Recently, a lay article claimed that beta alanine supplementation enhances performance for short duration and high intensity workouts, however decreases long duration performance (Oches, 2016). The rationale for this is based on well substantiated evidence that an increased level of beta alanine in the body elicits increased carnosine synthesis. Muscular acidosis has been recognized as one of the main causes of fatigue during intense exercise and carnosine has been shown to play a significant role in intramuscular pH regulation (Artioli et al, 2010). Therefore, Carnosine loading may enhance fatigue threshold and increase high intensity exercise performance (Blancquaert et al, 2014). Nearly a decade ago, it was demonstrated that chronic beta alanine supplementation was able to increase intramuscular carnosine content, suggesting that beta alanine is the rate-limiting factor for carnosine synthesis (Harris et al, 2006). Shortly after this, Hill et al (2007) demonstrated that increased skeletal muscle carnosine content was able to increase performance in various high intensity exercises. Following on from this, several high quality studies have explored the effects of beta alanine supplementation on sport-specific high intensity performances. These studies demonstrate that 1-10 minutes appears to be the effective time window where beta alanine is most beneficial (Salles Painelli et al, 2013). Looking closer we can see that studies which have attempted to enhance performance in exercises lasting less than one minute (Miro et al, 2013; de Salles Painelli et al, 2013) or over ten minutes (Thienen et al, 2012; Chung et al, 2014) have not found beneficial effects on performance. Whereas, studies which have examined exercises within this optimal time window have reported enhanced performance (de Salles Painelli et al, 2013; Hobsen et al, 2013). This would suggest that beta alanine supplementation may not be beneficial for enhancing short bouts of high intensity or endurance performance. A reason no positive effects are being seen in high intensity exercises lasting less th an one minute may be that these exercise models are not limited by intramuscular acidosis, thereby the increased buffering capacity of beta alanine is unable to show an effect. On closer observation we can see that some studies (Saunders et al, 2012; Ducker et al, 2013; Smith-Ryan et al, 2012) have reported that beta alanine is unable to improve repeated sprint performance and intermittent activities, where each exercise bout has been 30 seconds, signifying that beta alanine is unlikely to be beneficial in team sports, such as rugby and football. Although, it is important to mention that currently there is limited evidence examining the effects of beta alanine on sport-specific endurance events and team sport performance, consequently more research is needed before a reasoned conclusion can be made. Robust evidence suggests that the oral dosage of 4 to 6g beta alanine per day, over 4-10 weeks, increases carnosine concentrations by 40-80% (Blancquaert et al, 2015). Regarding the studies mentioned above, a dose response relationship is observed were the studies which prescribed >4g for a longer duration, reported greater improvements in performance compared to those that prescribed 4g for a shorter period of time. Looking closer we can see that Derave et al (2007) observed no significant differences in 400 meter running time trial performance following 4 weeks of beta alanine supplementation (4.8 g ·dayà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1) suggesting that a larger dose over a longer duration may be needed to see enhanced performance. For example, two studies previously mentioned, showed that 4-6 weeks of 6.4 g ·dayà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 beta alanine supplementation improved time trial performance in well-trained subjects (de Salles Painelli et al, 2013; Hobsen et al, 2013). Regarding training status, Bex et al (2013) showed that well-trained subjects may be more responsive to beta alanine supplementation compared non-trained subjects. Furthermore, a recent study (de Salles Painelli, 2014) directly comparing whether well-trained subjects respond differently to beta alanine in comparison to non-trained subjects reported that beta alanine improves performance to a comparable extent in both well-trained and non-trained subjects. These observations are in agreement with the studies mentioned above where improvements were seen in well-trained subjects (Hobsen et al, 2013; Derave et al, 2007; de Salles Painelli, 2014). This illustrates the efficacy of beta alanine as an ergogenic aid irrespective of the training status of the subjects. Therefore, athletes as well as recreationally fit subjects could benefit from beta alanine supplementation. Overall, the scientific literature supports the claim that beta alanine supplementation has the potential to enhance sho rt duration high intensity workouts performance. In addition, the evidence supports that beta alanine has a weakened ergogenic affect with regards to long duration performance (Oches, 2016). Another recent claim made within the lay literature, states that sodium bicarbonate improves endurance performance by lowering blood lactate levels (Strength Fitness UK, 2017). Further recommends are that endurance athletes should supplement with 0.3g ·kg-1 of body mass to see improvements in endurance race performance. Lastly, it is suggested that the dose of beta alanine should be split into several smaller doses and ingested throughout the day. The rationale for this claim is based on the putative concept that the disassociation of lactic acid forms lactate and H+ which in turn decreases intracellular and extracellular pH. As mentioned before, sodium bicarbonate increases the extracellular buffering capacity by increasing the blood bicarbonate concentration, thereby causing an efflux of H+ from the muscle cells to the blood. Consequently, any ergogenic potential that sodium bicarbonate may impose depends upon the physiological demands of the exercise being adequate enough to induce a performance inhibiting level of metabolic acidosis. Looking closer we can see that there is substantial evidence demonstrating the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarbonate improving performance during short duration high intensity exercise. This effect has been reported within a range of exercise modalities which are known to elicit decreases in intracellular and extracellular pH, such as single bouts of supramaximal exercise (Thomas et al, 2015; Driller et al, 2012), high-intensity intermittent activities (Tan et al, 2010; Miller et al, 2015), and certain skill-based sports, such as judo and tennis (Tobias et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2015). In contrast, research investigating the use of sodium bicarbonate as a buffering aid in endurance performance has shown more inconclusive results (George and MacLaren 1988; McNaughton et al, 1999; Stephens et al, 2002; Northgraves et al, 2014). Delving deeper, studies which reported improvements in performance were those that tended to exhaust subjects in 1 to 7 minutes using repeated exercise bouts or single intervals (Thomas et al, 2015; Driller et al, 2012; Miller et al, 2015). The improvements seen here are likely to have been due to the energy system being utilized at the time, as much evidence illustrates that sprint-based exercises accumulate more intracellular and extracellular acid compared to endurance-based exercises (McNaughton et al, 2016), so it is likely that they will benefit more from the buffering capacity of bicarbonate than endurance athletes. For example, Northgraves et al (2014) reported no improvements for 60 minute time trial performance following sodium bicarbonate supplementation (0.3g ·kg-1 body mass) compared to Thomas et al (2015) where performance was enhanced by a 2.2% increase in mean power output during 70 seconds of all-out sprint. It must be pointed out that not all anaerobic based studies have observed a benefit following supplementation. The major differences in these studies are the timing of the dose and the trained state of the study subjects. It is also possible that large individual differences exist as far as response to supplementation is concerned.   For instance, a recent observation shows that individuals respond differently to 0.3g ·kg-1 body mass sodium bicarbonate supplementation, where time to peak pH ranged from 10 to 90 min post ingestion (Miller et al, 2016). This shows a high variability in the dose-response from sodium bicarbonate and holds a considerable limitation to all previous research that have usually utilized a standard pre-ingestion time of between 60 and 90 minutes and interpreted the response as an average of the group. This observation may have considerable practical implication, as a more personalized approach to sodium bicarbonate supplementation can be employed by athletes to elicit larger ergogenic effects. Wi th regards to the dosage, substantiated evidence suggests that 0.3g ·kg-1 5g ·kg-1 body mass of sodium bicarbonate is effective. Doses which are not within this range show to be less advantageous for enhancing performance and have shown to cause gastrointestinal discomfort (REF). Regarding training status, a common conception is that well-trained athletes are less likely to benefit from the use of sodium bicarbonate as their buffering systems are already so well developed. Although, a recent observation is that well-trained subjects are able elicit gains in performance from sodium bicarbonate more readily compared to non-trained subjects (Carr et al, 2011). This observation appears to be in line with the studies mentioned in this review which employed short duration high intensity exercise. For example, studies involving well-trained subjects showed improvements in performance (Thomas et al, 2015; Driller et al, 2012) whereas, smaller improvements were observed in studies involving non-trained subjects (Peart et al, 2013; Vanhatalo et al; 2010). Looking closer we can see that Vanhatalo et al (2010) reported no improvements in 3-min all-out sprint performance were observed following a dose of 0.3g.kg.bm sodium bicarbonate, among recreationally active subjects. Whereas among well-trained subjects, Driller et al (2012) reported ~3% performance improvement in average power during a 4 minute all-out sprint following the same sodium bicarbonate supplementation (0.3g.kg.bm). Conclusion To summarise the literature reviewed, offering conclusions on the value and appropriateness of lay literature available to modern day athletes and performers. (Synergist with bicarbonate ; Co-supplementation of ÃŽÂ ²-alanine and sodium bicarbonate, to increase both intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity, was shown to result in additional improvements above ÃŽÂ ²-alanine alone). This is where you will make your conclusions about the truth of the claims. References Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Smith, A., Stout, J. and Lancha Jr, A.H., (2010). Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42(6), pp.1162-1173. Bex, T., Chung, W., Baguet, A., Stegen, S., Stautemas, J., Achten, E. and Derave, W., (2013). Muscle carnosine loading by beta-alanine supplementation is more pronounced in trained vs. untrained muscles. Journal of applied physiology. Carr AJ, Hopkins WG, Gore CJ. Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2011; 41:801Y14. Chung, W., Baguet, A., Bex, T., Bishop, D.J. and Derave, W., (2014). Doubling of muscle carnosine concentration does not improve laboratory 1-hr cycling time-trial performance. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 24(3), pp.315-324. de Salles Painelli, V., Roschel, H., De Jesus, F., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Solis, M.Y., Benatti, F.B., Gualano, B., Lancha Jr, A.H. and Artioli, G.G., (2013). The ergogenic effect of beta-alanine combined with sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity swimming performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(5), pp.525-532. de Salles Painelli, V., Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Solis, M.Y., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Artioli, G.G. and Lancha Jr, A.H., (2014). Influence of training status on high-intensity intermittent performance in response to ÃŽÂ ²-alanine supplementation. Amino acids, 46(5), pp.1207-1215. Ducker, K.J., Dawson, B. and Wallman, K.E., (2013). Effect of Beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on repeated-sprint performance. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 27(12), pp.3450-3460. Mero AA, Hirvonen P, Saarela J, et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate and betaalanine supplementation on maximal sprint swimming. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013; 10:52. Fitts RH. The cross-bridge cycle and skeletal muscle fatigue. J. Appl. Physiol. 2008; 104:551Y8 Nieper, A., (2005). Nutritional supplement practices in UK junior national track and field athletes. British journal of sports medicine, 39(9), pp.645-649. Oches, E. (2016). Everything You Need To Know About Beta Alanine. Available: https://gymjunkies.com/beta-alanine/. Last accessed 12th Feb 2017. Petrà ³czi, A., Naughton, D.P., Pearce, G., Bailey, R., Bloodworth, A. and McNamee, M., (2008). Nutritional supplement use by elite young UK athletes: fallacies of advice regarding efficacy. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 5(1), p.22. Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C. and Sunderland, C., (2012). Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on repeated sprint performance during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test. Amino acids, 43(1), pp.39-47. Solheim, S.A., Nordsborg, N.B., Ritz, C., Berget, J., Kristensen, A.H. and Mà ¸rkeberg, J., (2016). Use of nutritional supplements by Danish elite athletes and fitness customers. Scandinavian journal of medicine science in sports. Smith-Ryan, A.E., Fukuda, D.H., Stout, J.R. and Kendall, K.L., (2012). High-velocity intermittent running: effects of beta-alanine supplementation. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 26(10), pp.2798-2805. Van Thienen, R., Van Proeyen, K., Vanden Eynde, B., Puype, J., Lefere, T. and Hespel, P., (2009). b-Alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(4), pp.898-903.